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Deg Xinag language

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Endangered Athabaskan language of Alaska

Deg Xinag
Deg Hitʼan
Native to	United States
Region	Alaska (lowerYukon River,Anvik River,Innoko River)
Ethnicity	280Deg Hitʼan (2007)^[1]
Native speakers	2 (2020)^[2]
Language family	Dené–Yeniseian? Na-Dené Athabaskan Northern Athabaskan Deg Xinag
Writing system	Latin (Northern Athabaskan alphabet)
Official status
Official language in	Alaska^[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`ing`
Glottolog	`dege1248`
ELP	Deg Xinag

Deg Xinag (Deg Hitʼan) is aNorthern Athabaskan language spoken by theDeg Hitʼan peoples of the GASH region. The GASH region consists of the villages ofGrayling,Anvik,Shageluk, andHoly Cross along the lowerYukon River in Interior Alaska. The language is severely endangered;^[4] out of an ethnic population of approximately 250 people, only 2 people still speak the language.^[2]

The language was referred to asIngalik by Osgood (1936). While this term sometimes still appears in the literature, it is today considered pejorative. The word "Ingalik" is from theYupʼik Eskimo language:Ingqiliq, meaning "Indian".

Engithidong Xugixudhoy(Their Stories of Long Ago), a collection of traditional folk tales in Deg Xinag by the elderBelle Deacon, was published in 1987 by theAlaska Native Language Center.^[5] A literacy manual with accompanying audiotapes was published in 1993.

Dialects

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There are two main dialects:Yukon andKuskokwim. The Yukon dialect (Yukon Deg Xinag, Yukon Ingalik) is the traditional language of the villages of the Lower Yukon River (Anvik, Shageluk and Holy Cross).^[6] As of 2009, there are no longer any speakers living in Anvik and Holy Cross. The other dialect (Kuskokwim Deg Xinag, Kuskokwim Ingalik) is the traditional language of the settlements of Middle Kuskokwim.^[7]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Here is the list of consonant sounds in Deg Xinag, including their pronunciation inIPA and their representations in Deg Xinag orthography in brackets:^[8]

Consonants in Deg Xinag
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar			Post- alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
		Labial	Dental	plain	sibilant	lateral	Post- alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p⟨b⟩	tθ⟨ddh⟩	t⟨d⟩	ts⟨dz⟩	tɬ⟨dl⟩	tʃ⟨j⟩	ʈʂ⟨dr⟩		k⟨g⟩	q⟨G⟩	ʔ⟨ʼ⟩
	aspirated	pʰ⟨p⟩	tθʰ⟨tth⟩	tʰ⟨t⟩	tsʰ⟨ts⟩	tɬʰ⟨tł⟩	tʃʰ⟨ch⟩	ʈʂʰ⟨tr⟩		kʰ⟨k⟩	qʰ⟨q⟩
	ejective		tθʼ⟨tthʼ⟩	tʼ⟨tʼ⟩	tsʼ⟨tsʼ⟩	tɬʼ⟨tłʼ⟩	tʃʼ⟨chʼ⟩	ʈʂʼ⟨trʼ⟩		kʼ⟨kʼ⟩	qʼ⟨qʼ⟩
Fricative	voiceless		θ⟨th⟩		s⟨s⟩	ɬ⟨ł⟩	ʃ⟨sh⟩	ʂ⟨sr⟩			χ⟨x⟩	h⟨h⟩
Fricative	voiced	v⟨v⟩	ð⟨dh⟩		z⟨z⟩			ʐ⟨zr⟩	ʝ⟨yh⟩		ʁ⟨gh⟩
Sonorant	voiced	m⟨m⟩		n⟨n⟩		l⟨l⟩			j⟨y⟩	ŋ⟨ng⟩
	voiceless	m̥⟨mh⟩		n̥⟨nh⟩						ŋ̊⟨ngh⟩
	glottalized	mˀ⟨m'⟩		nˀ⟨n'⟩					jˀ⟨y'⟩	ŋˀ⟨ng'⟩

In final position, consonant sounds/t,tθ,ts,tɬ,ʈʂ,tʃ,k,q/ are voiced as[d,dð,dz,dɮ,ɖʐ,dʒ,ɡ,ɢ].

Vowels

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Vowels in Deg Xinag are[aeəoʊ].

	Front	Central	Back
Close			ʊ
Close-mid	e		o
Mid		ə
Open		a

Vocabulary

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qʼuntʼogh – airplane
ggagg – animal
ggagg chux – bear (lit. 'big animal')
sraqay – children
dran – day
xikʼugiłʼanh – doctor, nurse
łegg – fish
łek – dog
sileg – my dog
vileg – her dog
tso tlʼogh iy – mammoth
dinaʼ kʼidz – doll (lit. 'little person')
xidondiditey – door
nganʼ ditʼanh – earthquake
sitoʼ – my father
vitoʼ – her father
yix – house
tinh – snow
dangan – iron, metal
deloy – mountain
vanhgiq –Indian ice cream
choghlugguy (in Anvik); niq'asrt'ay (in Shageluk) – fox
vinixiłyiq – in the morning
Ade' ndadz dengit'a – Hello, how are you?
giłiq – one
teqa – two
togg – three
denhchʼe – four
niłqʼosnal giłiggi viqʼidz iy – eleven^[9]

References

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^Deg Xinag language atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^^a ^bThe Alaska Native Language Preservation & Advisory Council’s (2020-01-01)."2020 Biennial Report to the Governor and Legislature"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 30, 2020.
^Chappell, Bill (21 April 2014)."Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official".NPR.
^"Did you know Deg Xinag is severely endangered?".Endangered Languages. Retrieved2019-10-18.
^Deacon, Belle & James Kari. 1987.Engithidong Xugixudhoy (Their Stories of Long Ago.). Alaska Native Language Archive.[1]
^Leonard, Beth R. (2007).Deg Xinag Oral Traditions: Reconnecting Indigenous Language And Education Through Traditional Narratives (Thesis thesis).
^Sharon Hargus 2009.Vowel quality and duration in Yukon Deg Xinag, University of Washington
^Hargus, Sharon (2009).Vowel quality and duration in Yukon Deg Xinag. University of Washington.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ankn.uaf.edu: Deg Xinag Ałixi Ni’elyoy / Deg Xinag Learners' Dictionary (2007)

External links

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Alaskan Native Language Center.
Deg Xinag – Language of the Deg Hit'an
Deg Xinag (ANLC)
Deg Xinag Resources at theAlaska Native Language Archive (ANLA)
Rescuing a language: College course unites far-flung students and elders in an effort to save Deg Xinag
Word-Lists of the Athabaskan, Yup'ik and Alutiiq Languages Archived 2012-07-17 at theWayback Machine by Lt. Laurence Zagoskin, 1847 (containing Deg Xinag on pages 3–8)
The Order for Morning Prayer, translated byJohn Wight Chapman in 1896, digitized by Richard Mammana 2010
Degexit'an basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Deg Xinag language, alphabet and pronunciation

Athabaskan languages

Northern

Southern Alaskan	Ahtna Denaʼina
Central Alaska–Yukon	Deg Hitʼan Gwichʼin Hän Holikachuk Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Tutchone Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana
Northwestern Canada	Dene Suline Dogrib Dunneza Kaska Sekani Slavey Tagish Tahltan
Central British Columbia	Babine–Witsuwitʼen Chilcotin Dakelh Southern Carrier
Other North Athabaskan	Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie Nicola Tsetsaut Tsuutʼina

Pacific Coast

California Athabaskan	Hupa Kato Mattole Wailaki
Oregon Athabaskan	Galice Tolowa Tututni Upper Umpqua

Southern

Western Apachean	Chiricahua Mescalero Navajo Western Apache
Eastern Apachean	Jicarilla Lipan
Plains Apachean	Plains Apache

Proto-language

Proto-Athabaskan

Italics indicateextinct languages

v t e Languages of Alaska
Indigenous	Aleut Alutiiq Central Yupik Siberian Yupik Inupiaq Tlingit Eyak † Ahtna Denaʼina Deg Xinag Holikachuk † Upper Kuskokwim Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Upper Tanana Tsetsaut † Hän Gwichʼin Haida Tsimshian
Sign languages	American Sign Language Inuk Sign Language
Non-Indigenous	English Spanish Tagalog Russian Ninilchik dialect
Category