Danishorthography is the system and norms used for writing theDanish language, including spelling and punctuation.

Officially, the norms are set by theDanish language council through the publication ofRetskrivningsordbogen.

Danish currently uses a 29-letterLatin-script alphabet with three additional letters:⟨æ⟩,⟨ø⟩ and⟨å⟩. It is identical to theNorwegian alphabet.

The orthography is characterized by a low degree of correspondence between writing and pronunciation.^[1]: 680

There werespelling reforms in 1872, 1889 (with some changes in 1892), and 1948. These spelling reforms were based in the decisions of the Nordic spelling conference of 1869, whose goal was to abolish spellings that are justified by neitherphonetics noretymology and to bring Danish andSwedish orthographies closer.

The reform of 1872 replaced the letter⟨e⟩ by⟨æ⟩ in some words (Eg>Æg,fegte>fægte,Hjelm>Hjælm; however, for words with⟨je⟩ the change was reverted in 1889), abolished the distinction of the homophonous wordsThing andTing (however, the distinction betweenthi andti was retained), replaced the letter⟨q⟩ by⟨k⟩ (Qvinde>Kvinde), deleted the silent⟨e⟩ after vowels (faae>faa), abolished doubling of vowels to signify vowel length (Steen>Sten), replaced⟨i⟩ by⟨j⟩ after vowels (Vei>Vej), deleted the letter⟨d⟩ in the combinations⟨dsk⟩ and⟨nds⟩ except in morpheme borders (Vædske>Væske,Prinds>Prins, butislandsk), and abolished doubling of consonants before other consonants (sikkre>sikre). In some cases, spelling of loanwords was simplified, but in general the question of spelling loanwords was largely left undecided.^[2]

In 1889,⟨x⟩ was abolished from native words and most loanwords:Oxe>Okse,Exempel>Eksempel. The letter⟨j⟩ was deleted from the combinationsgje, gjæ, gjø, kje, kjæ, kjø:Kjøkken>Køkken. This change reflected a phonological shift in the spoken language towards dropping the j in these consonant clusters, e.g.Kjøbenhavn>København (Copenhagen). Additionally, spelling of loanwords was standardized. In some cases, simplified spellings were adopted (⟨c⟩ sounded⟨k⟩ mostly becomes⟨k⟩;⟨ch, ph, rh, th⟩ in words of Greek origin are replaced by⟨k, f, r, t⟩), but in many cases original spellings were retained.^[3]

Danish formerly used both⟨ø⟩ (inFraktur) and⟨ö⟩ (inAntiqua), though it was suggested to use⟨ø⟩ for /ø/ and⟨ö⟩ for /œ/, which was also sometimes employed.^[4] The distinction between⟨ø⟩ and⟨ö⟩ was optionally allowed in 1872, recommended in 1889, but rejected in 1892, although theorthographic dictionaries continued to use⟨ø⟩ and⟨ö⟩ (collated as if they were the same letter) until 1918 and the bookFolkehöjskolens Sangbog continued to use⟨ø⟩ and⟨ö⟩ in its editions as late as 1962.^[5]

Earlier instead of⟨aa⟩,⟨å⟩ or aligature of two⟨a⟩ was also used.^[4]In 1948⟨å⟩ was re-introduced or officially introduced in Danish, replacing⟨aa⟩. The letter then came from theSwedish alphabet, where it has been in official use since the 18th century. The initial proposal was to place⟨å⟩ first in the Danish alphabet, before⟨a⟩. Its place as the last letter of the alphabet, as in Norwegian, was decided in 1955.^[6] The formerdigraph⟨aa⟩ still occurs in many personal names, e.g.Søren Aabye Kierkegaard as opposed to the would-be modern spelling Søren Åby Kirkegård, as well as in Danish geographical names. However, in geographical names,⟨å⟩ is allowed as an alternative spelling:Aabenraa orÅbenrå,Aalborg orÅlborg,Aarhus orÅrhus.⟨aa⟩ remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons.⟨aa⟩ is treated like⟨å⟩ inalphabetical sorting, not like two adjacent⟨a⟩, meaning that while⟨a⟩ is the first letter of the alphabet,⟨aa⟩ is the last.

All nouns in Danish used to be capitalized, as in German. The reform of 1948 abolished the capitalization of all nouns.

The reform of 1948 also changed the spelling of past tense forms of modal verbs (kunde, skulde, vilde): now they are spelledkunne, skulle, ville, the same as the infinitives of those verbs.

TheDanish alphabet is based upon theLatin alphabet and has consisted of the following 29letters since 1980 when⟨w⟩ was separated from⟨v⟩.^[7]

• /p,t,k/,/pʰ,tsʰ,kʰ/ and/ʁ/ are often transcribed with ⟨b,d,ɡ⟩, ⟨p,t,k⟩ and ⟨r⟩ even though the first set is voiceless, the second one isaspirated and the rhotic isuvular, notalveolar.
• In monomorphematic words, vowels are usually short before two or more consonants +⟨e⟩.
• Vowels are usually long before a single consonant +⟨e⟩.
• In two consecutive vowels the stressed vowel is always long and the unstressed is always short.

The letters⟨c, q, w, x, z⟩ are not used in the spelling of native words. Therefore, the phonemic interpretation of letters inloanwords depends on the donating language. However, Danish tends to preserve the original spelling of loanwords. In particular, a⟨c⟩ that represents/s/ is almost never transliterated to⟨s⟩ in Danish, as would most often happen in Norwegian. Many words originally derived fromLatin roots retain⟨c⟩ in their Danish spelling, for example Norwegiansentrum vs Danishcentrum. However, the letter⟨c⟩ representing/kʰ/ is mostly normalized to⟨k⟩. The letter⟨q⟩ is used in a few loanwords likequiz (from English), but⟨qu⟩ is normally replaced by⟨kv⟩ in words from Latin (e.g.kvadrat) and by⟨k⟩ in words from French (e.g.karantæne).⟨x⟩ is normally replaced by⟨ks⟩ in words from Latin, Greek, or French, e.g.eksempel, maksimal, tekst, heksagon, seksuel; but⟨x⟩ is retained: 1) at the beginning of words of Greek origin, where it sounds/s/, e.g.xylograf, xylofon; 2) before⟨c⟩ in words of Latin origin, e.g.excellent, excentrisk; 3) in chemical terms, e.g.oxalsyre, oxygen; 4) in loanwords from English, e.g.exitpoll, foxterrier, maxi, sex, taxi; 5) at the end of French loanwords, where it is silent, e.g.jaloux[ɕæˈlu]. The verbexe/ekse, derived from the name of the letter⟨x⟩ itself, can be spelled either way. The letter⟨x⟩ is also used instead ofeks- in abbreviations:fx (for eksempel, also writtenf. eks.), hhx (højere handelseksamen), htx (højere teknisk eksamen).

The "foreign" letters also sometimes appear in the spelling of otherwise-indigenous family names. For example, many of the Danish families that use the surnameSkov (literally: "Woods") spell itSchou. Also⟨x⟩ has been restored in some geographical names:Nexø,Gladsaxe,Faxe.

The difference between the Dano-Norwegian and theSwedish alphabet is that Swedish uses.⟨ä⟩ instead of⟨æ⟩, and⟨ö⟩ instead of⟨ø⟩ — similar toGerman. Also, thecollating order for these three letters is different: Å, Ä, Ö.

In current Danish,⟨w⟩ is recognized as a separate letter from⟨v⟩. The transition was made in 1980;^[8] before that,⟨w⟩ was considered to be a variation of⟨v⟩ and words using it were alphabetized accordingly (e.g.: "Wales, Vallø, Washington, Wedellsborg, Vendsyssel"). The Danish version of thealphabet song still states that the alphabet has 28 letters; the last line readsotte-og-tyve skal der stå, i.e. "that makes twenty-eight". However, today the letter⟨w⟩ is considered an official letter.

Standard Danish orthography has no compulsorydiacritics, but allows the use of anacute accent for disambiguation, and some words, such asallé 'avenue' oridé 'idea', are listed in the spelling dictionary both with and without the accent. An accent on⟨e⟩ can be used to mark a stressed syllable in one of a pair ofhomographs that have different stresses, for exampleen dreng (a boy) versusén dreng (one boy), i.e. to disambiguate the use ofen/et asindefinite article) andén/ét as thenumeral 'one'.^{[1]: 678–679} Any vowel (though not recommended on⟨å⟩) may be written with an accent to indicate stress or emphasis on a word, either to clarify the meaning of the sentence, the form of a word or to ease the reading otherwise. For example:jeg stód op ("I was standing"), versusjeg stod óp ("I got out of bed");kopiér ("copy", imperative of verb), versuskopier ("copies", plural of noun).^[9] Most often, however, such distinctions are made using typographical emphasis (italics, underlining) or simply left to the reader to infer from the context, and the use of accents in such cases may appear dated.^{[citation needed]}

The current Danish officialspelling dictionary does not use diacritics other than⟨é⟩ in loanwords:facade[faˈsæːðə],jalapeno[χɑlɑˈpɛnjo,jalaˈpɛnjo],zloty[ˈslʌti];^[10] in the spelling rules, it is stated that foreign letters and diacritics may occur in proper names and in words and texts quoted from other languages.^[11][12] Thegrave accent may occur on⟨a⟩, i.e.⟨à⟩, in a restricted number of words and formulations ofFrench origin, such asà la carte andris à l'amande.^[1]: 680 These spellings were part of the Retskrivningsordbog until 1986, when they were replaced bya la carte andrisalamande.^[13] Other diacritics such as thecircumflex,diaeresis andtilde are only found on words from other languages that use them.^[1]: 680

The Danish Language Council makes use of two overall principles when deciding the spelling norms: the principle of language use (sprogbrugsprincippet) and the principle of tradition (traditionsprincippet). These principles are established by ministerial deed.^[14]

The principle of tradition states that spelling, generally, should not change. This can lead to spellings that do not match the pronunciation. Secondarily, the principle means thatloanwords should be adapted to existing Danish spelling norms, e.g. based on how earlier loanwords have been adapted. This includes the lack of adaption, which is common forEnglish loanwords.^[15]

The principle of language use states that the norm should be set on the basis of the written practice among "good and certain" language users. A deviation from existing norms can thus become a norm (or replace an earlier norm) if enough exemplary writers make use of it, thus breaking the principle of tradition.^[16]

Who constitutes a "good and certain" (god og sikker) language user is widely discussed,^[17]but usually includes people who work professionally with language or communication in some way.^[18]

The following tables lists graphemes used in Danish and phonemes they represent.

Incomputing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet:

• DS 2089, later established in international standardISO 646
• IBM PCcode page 865
• ISO 8859-1
• Unicode

• Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish § Writing system
• Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish § Pronunciation and sound system
• Danish braille
• Danish phonology
• Icelandic orthography
• Futhark, the Germanic runes used formerly
• Spelling alphabets
• Swedish alphabet

• Type Danish characters online
• Reform proposals of the Nordish spelling conference of 1869 (in Danish)
• 1889 spelling reform (in Danish)
• 1948 spelling reform (in Danish)
• Current orthographic rules (in Danish)
• Spelling of loanwords (in Danish)
• Danish spelling reforms (in Danish)