TheCongress of Deputies (Spanish:Congreso de los Diputados) is thelower house of theCortes Generales, Spain'slegislative branch, theupper house being theSenate. The Congress meets in thePalace of the Parliament (Palacio de las Cortes) inMadrid.

Congress of Deputies Congreso de los Diputados Co-official languages Basque:Diputatuen Kongresua Catalan:Congrés dels Diputats Galician:Congreso dos Deputados Aranese:Congrès des Deputats
15th Congress of Deputies
Type
Type	Lower house of theCortes Generales of theKingdom of Spain
History
Founded	1834
Leadership
President	Francina Armengol,PSOE since 17 August 2023
First Vice President	Alfonso Rodríguez Gómez de Celis,PSOE since 3 December 2019
Second Vice President	José Antonio Bermúdez de Castro,PP since 17 August 2023
Third Vice President	Esther Gil de Reboleño Lastortres,SMR since 17 August 2023
Fourth Vice President	Marta González Vázquez,PP since 17 August 2023
Structure
Seats	350
Political groups	Government (147)  PSOE (120)  Sumar (27)[a] Supported by (32)  ERC (7)  Junts (7)  EH Bildu (6)  EAJ/PNV (5)  Podemos (4)  BNG (1)  CCa (1)  Independent (1)[b] Opposition (171)  PP (137)  Vox (33)  UPN (1)
Elections
Voting system	Closed listproportional representation, D'Hondt method
Last election	23 July 2023
Next election	No later than 22 August 2027
Meeting place
Palacio de las Cortes Madrid,Community of Madrid Kingdom of Spain
Website
congreso.es
Rules
Standing Orders of the Congress of Deputies (English)

Congress has 350 members elected from fifty-twoconstituencies (the fiftyprovinces and twoautonomous cities) usingclosed listD'Hondtproportional representation. Deputies serve four-year terms. The presiding officer and speaker is thePresident of the Congress of Deputies, who is elected by the members at the first sitting of Congress after an election.

The two principal bodies in Congress areparliamentary groups andparliamentary committees (Spanish:comisiones). All MPs are required to be members of a parliamentary group,^[1] the institutionalised form of political parties. Groups act with one voice represented by their spokesperson. In other words, the Spanish Parliament is a parliament of groups, not individual MPs who are constrained to act only as part of the group.^[2][3] MPs can only act autonomously when submitting oral or written questions.^[4]

As a result of the2019 general election, there were 168 female deputies or 48% of all members, making Spain the European country with the highest percentage of women in parliament, surpassing Sweden and Finland;^[5] however, the share decreased to a 44.3% after theelections in 2023.^[6]

Section 68.1 of theSpanish Constitution establishes that the Congress of Deputies must be composed of at least 300, and no more than 400 deputies. At present, the house has 350 deputies which is determined by the 1985Electoral Act.

The Spanish Constitution establishes that the deputies are chosen byuniversal, free,equal,direct, andsecret suffrage. The election is held every four years or earlier in case ofsnap election. The members of the Congress are elected by proportional representation withclosed lists in each constituency.

There are 52 constituencies for the Congress of Deputies corresponding to the 50provinces of Spain and twoautonomous cities (Ceuta andMelilla).^[7] According to Spanish electoral law, the number of seats in each constituency can change in each election and it is specified when writs of election are issued.^[8] Each province is guaranteed a minimum allocation of two seats, and one seat each for Ceuta and Melilla for a total of 102 seats. The remaining 248 seats are allocated proportionally according to the population using theHare quota.^[9]

After theGeneral Election, seats are assigned to the electoral lists in each constituency separately, using theD'Hondt method; parties receive seats in approximate proportion to the number of votes each received in the constituency. A strictly proportional system would result in fractional seats; the D'Hondt method resolves this by favoring parties receiving larger votes.

For provinces that elect at least 24 deputies, the 1985 Electoral Act establishes a 3% minimum valid votes by constituency requirement (blank votes count towards the total votes, but invalid ballots do not count) for a party to participate in the seat distribution for a constituency. At present, this condition applies only toMadrid andBarcelona.

In March 2011, the Electoral Act was modified to require parties that are not represented either in Congress or in theSenate to collect signatures to support their candidacy to be able to run in the election. One-tenth of a percent of those registered to vote in a constituency are required to be on the ballot and each citizen can sign only once for a party candidacy. TheElectoral Board establishes the regulations for the collection of signatures.

The deputies' term of office finishes four years after their election or when theCortes are dissolved, which can take place jointly or separately with the dissolution of the Senate. Only theMonarch can dissolve Parliament on the request of thePresident of the Government after the deliberation of theCouncil of Ministers. The dissolution of the Cortes also takes place if there is a failed legislature or two months after a failed investiture session, in this case, the Monarch dissolves the house with the countersign of thePresident of the Congress of Deputies. During their mandate, the deputies have some guarantees and privileges to carry their responsibilities out according to Section 97 of theSpanish Constitution.

Exercising the autonomy recognised by theConstitution to the Congress of Deputies, the house is regulated by some internal rules established by itself in 1982 and it configures different government bodies to carry the pertinent competencies out.

The governing bodies of the Congress of Deputies are the bodies which under their authority the House is manage. Those bodies are thePresident, theBureau and theBoard of Spokespersons.^[10]

ThePresident of the Congress of Deputies is the highest authority and it represents the House and it is, de facto, the whole parliament leader. As head of the Congress, it also chairs the Bureau, theBoard of Spokespersons and the Permanent Deputation, and is the maximum responsible authority of the Congress's Police.^[11]

TheBureau of the Congress of Deputies is the collective body that represents the House and manages the day-to-day of the Chamber, preparing the budget and making all the necessary decisions to allow the proper functioning of the functions of the Congress.^[12]

TheBoard of Spokespersons of the Congress of Deputies is the collective body formed by representatives of the parliamentary groups and normally, government representatives, that establishes the agenda of the House.^[13]

The working bodies of the Congress of Deputies are the Plenary, theCommittees, thePermanent Deputation and theParliamentary Groups.^[14]

ThePlenary is the central body of the Congress of Deputies which allows the house to exercise their choices. It is the sitting of all the members of the Parliament when half plus one of its members are attending the house. This body represents the unity of the house and it works through the plenary sessions which can be ordinary or extraordinary.

The ordinary sessions take place during the two meeting terms: September to December and February to June. The extraordinary sessions are convened at the request of thePrime Minister of Spain, the Permanent Council or the absolute majority of the house. In this kind of session a particular agenda is presented, and the session ends when all items have been discussed.

TheCommittees are the basic working bodies of the Congress designed to facilitate the work of the house. The committees have the same powers as the Plenary: to legislate by delegation of the plenary or at the request of the Bureau, and to check the Government by requesting information of the Administration or by requesting the appearance of any member of the Government or Administration.

There are two types of committees: standing and non-standing. The standing committees are defined by the Congress's standing orders^[15] and non-standing committees, created by the Plenary. The standing committees examine bills and make amendments. The Plenary of the Congress can confer upon them full legislative power in relation to a matter, so they can approve or reject any bill. There are 23 permanent (standing) legislative committees and 8 permanent (standing) non-legislative committees which have responsibilities for House administration. The Plenary can create additional non-legislative committees at the beginning of each legislature. The non-standing committees are created with a specific purpose and their themes and duration are determined by the Plenary.

The members of the committees are chosen by the Parliamentary Groups with the number of members proportional to the number of seats in the House, which means they are not effective checks on the Government when the party in office has a parliamentary majority.^[16] Once the committees are created they must elect in their first meeting the bureau of the committee, composed of a chair, two deputy chairs and two secretaries. In practice, the largest party always enjoys a clear over-representation in the distribution of chairpersons.^[16]

Subcommittees can also be created by the Plenary at the request of the committees. There are two types of subcommittees, the ordinary subcommittees, the purpose of which is to discuss and report on a specific issue, and the reporting subcommittees, the purpose of which is to write a draft bill to be discussed in the committee. The members of the subcommittees are designated by the committee.

ThePermanent Deputation is a body created in order to have a permanent constituted legislative power. It is responsible for safeguarding the powers of the house between the legislative sessions (January, July and August) or when their term has finished because of termination or dissolution. In these three cases, the Permanent Deputation is a temporary extension of the house. The Permanent Deputation is presided by thePresident of the Congress. It is composed of a proportional number of deputies depending on the numerical importance of the different Parliamentary Groups.

All members of the house are assigned to one of theParliamentary Groups reflecting their party affiliation or ideology. The formation of the parliamentary groups takes place at the beginning of each legislature. The deputies (members) who cannot satisfy the rules for forming a group are placed together in their own group (called the Mixed Group) so that they can still participate in the functions of Parliament.

The XV legislature of Spain started on 17 August 2023 when theCortes Generales were constituted, once the2023 general election was held.

The building,Palacio de las Cortes, has a neoclassical style. It was designed byNarciso Pascual Colomer, and built between 1843 and 1850. It sits by the Carrera de San Jerónimo, in Madrid. The relief on the facade by sculptorPonciano Ponzano centers on a sculpture of Spain embracing the constitutional state, represented by a woman with her arm around a young girl. Surrounding the pair are figures that represent in allegorical form Justice and Peace, Science, Agriculture, Fine Arts, Navigation, Industry, Commerce and so on. Ponzano also executed two bronze lions for the building's access stairway in a more realistic manner.^[18]

• Bureaus of the Cortes Generales
• Board of Spokespersons
• Canal Parlamento
• List of presidents of the Congress of Deputies of Spain
• Senate of Spain
• Political parties in Spain
• Spanish Parliamentarism

• Fernandes, Jorge M; Riera, Pedro (2019)."Committee systems in Portugal and Spain". In Fernandes, Jorge M.; Leston-Bandeira, Cristina (eds.).The Iberian Legislatures in Comparative Perspective. Routledge. pp. 71–88.ISBN 9781351065214.
• Jalali, Carlos; Rodríguez Teruel, Juan (2019)."Parliamentary party groups in the Iberian democracies". In Fernandes, Jorge M.; Leston-Bandeira, Cristina (eds.).The Iberian Legislatures in Comparative Perspective. Routledge. pp. 49–70.ISBN 9781351065214.
• Sánchez de Dios, Manuel (1999)."Parliamentary Party Discipline in Spain"(PDF). In Bowler, Shaun; Farrell, David; Katz, Richard (eds.).Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government.Ohio State University Press. pp. 141–162.ISBN 0-8142-5000-9.
• Electoral System Act [Régimen Electoral General] (Organic Law 5/1985) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 19 June 1985. Retrieved15 September 2024.
• "The Spanish Constitution"(PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado [National Agency of theOfficial State Gazette]. 1978. Retrieved10 June 2022.
• "Standing Orders of the Congress of Deputies"(PDF). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved12 September 2023.
• OSCE/ODIHR (17 February 2012)."Spain, Early Parliamentary Elections, 20 November 2011: Final Report"(PDF). Warsaw: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

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