TheBar Confederation (Polish:Konfederacja barska; 1768–1772) was an association of Polish nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress ofBar inPodolia (nowUkraine), in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth againstRussian political influence and against KingStanislaus II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthymagnates.^[4]

War of the Bar Confederation
Part of theRusso-Polish wars
Bar Confederates pray before thebattle of Lanckorona, painting byArtur Grottger (1863)
Date 1768–1772 Location Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Result Russian victory Territorial changes First Partition of Poland
Belligerents
Russian Empire  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (royal crown regiments)	Poland–Lithuania (Bar Confederation) Allies:  Ottoman Empire  Kingdom of France (from 1770)
Commanders and leaders
Franciszek Ksawery Branicki Ivan Weymarn [ru] Aleksandr Bibikov Alexander Suvorov Ivan Karpovich Elmpt	Karol Radziwiłł Casimir Pulaski Michał Jan Pac Count Benyovszky Charles François Dumouriez
Strength
Lanckorona: 3,500 troops[1]	Lanckorona: ~3,500 troops; 2 cannons[1] Total: ~100,000[2] – 150,000[3]
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Heavy

The founders of the Bar Confederation included the magnatesAdam Stanisław Krasiński, the bishop ofKamieniec,Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł,Casimir Pulaski, his father and brothers andMichał Hieronim Krasiński. Its creation led to acivil war and contributed to theFirst Partition of Poland.^[4]Maurice Benyovszky was the best known European Bar Confederation volunteer, supported by Roman Catholic France and Austria. Some historians consider the Bar Confederation the firstPolish uprising.^[5]

At the end of theSeven Years' War (1756–1763), Russia, first allied with Austria and France, had decided to support Prussia, allowing a victory of the Prussians (allied with Great Britain) over the Austrians (allied with France).

On 11 April 1764, a new treaty was signed betweenFrederick II of Prussia andCatherine II of Russia, choosingStanislaus Poniatowski (ex-lover of Catherine II) as the future king of Poland afterAugustus III's death (October 1763).

Neither France nor Austria were able to challenge this candidate and Stanislas was elected in October 1764.

Early 18th-century Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had declined from the status of a major European power to that of a Russiansatellite state, with the Russiantsar effectively choosing Polish–Lithuanian monarchs during the"free" elections and deciding the direction of much of Poland–Lithuania's internal politics, for example during theRepnin Sejm (1767–1768), named afterthe Russian ambassador who unofficially presided over the proceedings.^[6][7]

During this session, thePolish–Lithuanian parliament was forced to pass resolutions demanded by the Russians. Many of the conservative nobility felt anger at that foreign interference, at the perceived weakness of the government under kingStanislaus Augustus, and at the provisions, particularly the ones that empowered non-Catholics, and at other reforms which they saw as threatening the szlachta'sGolden Liberty.^[8][9]

The protectorate of Russia over Poland–Lithuania became official with theTraktat wieczystej przyjaźni pomiędzy Rosją a Rzecząpospolitą (lit. 'Treaty of perpetual friendship between Russia and the Commonwealth'[10]) which the Repnin Sejm accepted without debate on 27 February 1768.

In response to that, and particularly after Russian troops arrested and exiled several vocal opponents (namelybishop of KyivJózef Andrzej Załuski,bishop of CracowKajetan Sołtyk, andField Crown HetmanWacław Rzewuski with his sonSeweryn), a group of Polish magnates decided to form aconfederatio – a military association opposing the government^[11][8] in accordance with Polish constitutional traditions. The articles of the confederation were signed on 29 February 1768 at the fortress ofBar inPodolia.^[9]

The instigators of the confederation includedAdam Krasiński, Bishop ofKamieniec, his brotherMichał Hieronim Krasiński,Casimir Pulaski,Kajetan Sołtyk,Wacław Rzewuski,Michał Jan Pac,Jozef Miaczinsky, Jerzy August Mniszech, Joachim Potocki and Teodor Wessel.^[9] PriestMarek Jandołowicz was a notable religious leader, andMichał Wielhorski the Confederation's political ideologue.^[9]

The confederation, encouraged and aided by Roman Catholic France and Austria, declared war on Russia.^[9] Its irregular forces, formed from volunteers, magnate militias and deserters from the royal army, soon clashed with the Russian troops and units loyal to the Polish crown.^[9] Confederation forces underMichał Jan Pac and PrinceKarol Stanisław Radziwiłł roamed the land in every direction, won several engagements with the Russians, and at last, utterly ignoring the King, sent envoys on their own account to the principal European powers, i.e. Ottoman Empire, the major ally of Bar confederation, France and Austria.

King Stanislaus Augustus was at first inclined to mediate between the Confederates and Russia, the latter represented by the Russian envoy toWarsaw, PrinceNikolai Repnin; but finding this impossible, he sent a force against them underGrand HetmanFranciszek Ksawery Branicki and two generals against the confederates. This marked the Ukrainian campaign, which lasted from April till June 1768, and was ended with the capture ofBar on 20 June.^[9] Confederation forces retreated toMoldavia.^[9] There was also a pro-Confederation force inLesser Poland, that operated from June till August, that ended with the royal forces securing Kraków on 22 August, followed by a period of conflict in Belarus (August–October), that ended with the surrender ofNesvizh on 26 October.^[9]

The simultaneous outbreak of theKoliivshchyna inUkraine (May 1768 – June 1769) made major confederation forces retreat to Ottoman Empire beforehand and kept the Confederation alive.

The Confederates appealed for help from abroad and contributed to bringing about war between Russia and theOttoman Empire (theRusso-Turkish War (1768–1774) that began in September).

The retreat of some Russian forces needed on the Ottoman front bolstered the confederates, who reappeared in force in Lesser and Greater Polands by 1769.^[9] In 1770 the Council of Bar Confederation transferred from its original seat in Austrian part ofSilesia toHungary, whence it conducted diplomatic negotiations with France,Austria andTurkey with a view to forming a stable league against Russia. The council proclaimed the king dethroned on 22 October 1770. The court ofVersailles sentCharles François Dumouriez to act as an aid to the Confederates, and he helped them to organize their forces.^[9] He fortified several fortresses around Kraków (Tyniec,Lanckorona,Częstochowa) and formed a Confederate infantry detachment to protect the warehouses inPodolia.^[12]

The Confederates began operating in Lithuania, although after early successes that direction too met with failures, with defeats atBiałystok on 16 July and Orzechowo on 13 September 1769.^[9] Early 1770 saw the defeats of confederates in Greater Poland, after the battle of Dobra (20 January) and Błonie (12 February), which forced them into a mostly defensive, passive stance.^[9]

An attempt of Bar Confederates (includingCasimir Pulaski^[13]) to kidnap king Stanislaus II Augustus on 3 November 1771 led the Habsburgs to withdraw their support from the confederates, expelling them from their territories.^[14] It also gave the three courts another pretext to showcase the "Polish anarchy" and the need for its neighbors to step in and "save" the country and its citizens.^[9][15] The king thereupon reverted to the Russian faction, and for the attempt of kidnapping their king, the Confederation lost much of the support it had in Europe.^[14]

Its army, thoroughly reorganized by Dumouriez, maintained the fight. 1771 brought further defeats, with the defeat atLanckorona on 21 May and Stałowicze at 23 October.^[9] The final battle of the war was the siege ofJasna Góra, which fell on 13 August 1772.^[9] The regiments of the Bar Confederation, whose executive board had been forced to leave Austria, which previously supported them, after Austria joined the Prusso-Russian alliance, did not lay down their arms.^[16]

Many fortresses in their command held out as long as possible;Wawel Castle (defended byMarquis de Choisy) in Kraków fell only on 28 April;^[17][18]Tyniec fortress held until 13 July 1772;^[19]Częstochowa, commanded byCasimir Pulaski, held until 18 August.^[17][20] Overall, around 100,000 nobles participated in 500 military clashes in 1768–1772.^[2] Perhaps the last stronghold of the confederates was in the monastery inZagórz, which fell only on 28 November 1772. In the end, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with its members either fleeing abroad or beingdeported to Siberia, Volga region, Urals by the Russians.^[16]

In the meantime, taking advantage of the confusion in the Commonwealth, already by 1769–71, both Austria and Prussia had taken over some of its border territories, with Austria takingSzepes County in 1769–1770 and Prussia incorporatingLauenburg and Bütow.^[21] On 19 February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed inVienna.^[17] A previous secret agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made inSaint Petersburg on 6 February 1772.^[17]

Early in August, Russian, Prussian, and Austrian troops fighting the Bar confederation in the Commonwealth occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. On 5 August, the three parties issued a manifesto about their respective territorial gains on the Commonwealth's expense.^[22]

Bar Confederates taken as prisoners by the Russians, together with their families, formed the first major group of Poles and Lithuanians exiled to Siberia (sybirak).^[16] It is estimated that about 5,000 former confederates were sent there.^[9]Russians organized 3concentration camps in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for Polish captives, where these concentrated persons have been waiting for their deportation there.^[23]

Around mid-18th century the Europeanbalance of power shifted, with Russian victories against theOttomans in theRusso-Turkish War (1768–1774) strengthening Russia and endangeringHabsburg interests in that region (particularly inMoldavia andWallachia). At that point Habsburg Austria started to consider waging a war against Russia.^[22][24] France, friendly towards both Prussia and Austria, suggested a series of territorial adjustments, in which Austria would be compensated by parts ofPrussian Silesia, andPrussia in turn would receive Polish Ermland (Warmia) and parts of the Polishfief,Duchy of Courland and Semigallia – already underBaltic German hegemony.^[22]

King Frederick II of Prussia had no intention of giving up Silesia gained recently in theSilesian Wars. He was interested in finding a peaceful solution –his alliance with Russia would draw him into a potential war with Austria, and the Seven Years' War had left Austria's treasury and army weakened.^{[citation needed]} He was also interested in protecting the weakening Ottoman Empire, which could be advantageously utilized in the event of a Prussian war either with Russia or Austria. Frederick's brother,Prince Henry, spent the winter of 1770–71 as a representative of the Prussian court at Saint Petersburg.^[22]

As Austria had annexed 13 towns in the Hungarian Szepes county in 1769, violating theTreaty of Lubowla, Catherine II of Russia and her advisor GeneralIvan Chernyshyov suggested to Henry that Prussia claim some Polish land, such as Ermland. After Henry informed him of the proposal, Frederick suggested a partition of the Polish borderlands by Austria, Prussia, and Russia, with the largest share going to Austria. Thus Frederick attempted to encourage Russia to direct its expansion towards weak and non-functional Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of the Ottomans.^[22]

Russia considered the weak Poland–Lithuania as its protectorate for a few decades already since theSilent Sejm.^[6] Poland–Lithuania was devastated by a civil war in which the Bar Confederation's forces attempted to disrupt Russian control.^[22] The recent Koliivshchyna peasant and Cossack uprising in Ukraine also weakened Polish–Lithuanian position. Further, the Russian-supported king of Poland, Stanislaus Augustus, was seen as both weak and too independent-minded. Eventually the Russian court decided that Poland–Lithuania's usefulness as a protectorate had lessened.^[21] The three powers officially justified their actions as compensation for dealing with troublesome neighbor and restoring order to Polish anarchy, for which the Bar Confederation provided a convenient excuse. All three were interested in territorial gains.^[25]

After Russia occupied theDanubian Principalities, Henry convinced Frederick and ArchduchessMaria Theresa of Austria that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans. Under pressure from Prussia, which for a long time wanted to annex the northern Polish province ofRoyal Prussia, the three powers agreed on the First Partition of Poland–Lithuania. This was in light of the possible Austrian-Ottoman-Bar confederation alliance^[17] with only token objections from Austria,^[21] which would have instead preferred to receive more Ottoman territories in theBalkans, a region which for a long time had been coveted by the Habsburgs, including Bukovina. The Russians also withdrew fromMoldavia and Wallachia away from the Austrian border.

Until the times of the Bar Confederation, confederates – especially operating with the aid of outside forces – were seen as unpatriotic antagonists.^[26] But in 1770s, during the times that theImperial Russian Army marched through the theoretically independent Commonwealth, and foreign powers forced theSejm to agree to theFirst Partition of Poland–Lithuania, the confederates started to create an image of Polish exiled soldiers, the last of those who remained true to their Motherland, an image that would in the next two centuries lead to the creation ofPolish Legions and other forces in exile.^[26]

The Confederation has generated varying assessments from the historians. All admit its patriotic desire to free the Commonwealth from outside (primarily-Russian) influence. Some, such asJacek Jędruch, criticise its regressive stance oncivil rights issues, primarily with regards toreligious tolerance (Jędruch writes of "religious bigotry" and a "narrowly Catholic" stance), and assert that to have contributed to the First Partition.^[4][8] Others, such asBohdan Urbankowski, applaud it as the first serious national military effort to restore Polish independence.^[26]

The Bar Confederation has been described as the firstPolish uprising^[5] and the last mass movement ofszlachta.^[8] It is also commemorated on theTomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "KONFEDERACJA BARSKA 29 II 1768 – 18 VII 1772".

• Battle of Orzechowo
• Battle of Dęborzyn
• Action of Tyniec Abbey
• Battles of Lanckorona
• Siege of Giurgiu
• Battle of Stołowicze
• Siege of Kraków Castle

• Aleksandr Bibikov
• Anna Jabłonowska
• Józef Sawa-Caliński
• Jozef Miaczinsky
• Koliyivshchyna

• Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911)."Bar, Confederation of" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 378.
• Aleksander Kraushar,Książę Repnin i Polska w pierwszem czteroleciu panowania Stanisława Augusta (1764–1768), (Prince Repin and Poland in the first four years of rule of Stanislaw August (1764–1768))
  • 2nd edition, corrected and expanded. vols. 1–2, Kraków 1898, G. Gebethner i Sp.
  • Revised edition, Warszawa: Gebethner i Wolff; Kraków: G. Gebethner i Spółka, 1900.
• F. A. Thesby de Belcour,The Confederates of Bar (in Polish) (Cracow, 1895)
• Charles Francois Dumouriez,Mémoires et correspondance (Paris, 1834).
• Radom i Bar 1767–1768: dziennik wojennych działań jenerał-majora Piotra Kreczetnikowa w Polsce w r. 1767 i 1768 korpusem dowodzącego i jego wojenno-polityczną korespondencyą z księciem Mikołajem Repninem Poznań 1874

• Poland the Confederation of Bar, 1768-1772