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Communist symbolism

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Communist symbolism represents a variety of themes, includingrevolution, theproletariat, thepeasantry,agriculture, orinternational solidarity. Thered flag, thehammer and sickle, and thered star - or variations thereof - are some of the symbols adopted bycommunist movements,governments, andparties worldwide.

A tradition of including communist symbolism insocialist-style emblems and flags began with theflag of the Soviet Union and has since been taken up by a long line ofsocialist states.

InIndonesia,Latvia,Lithuania, andUkraine,communist symbols are banned and displays in public for non-educational use are considered a criminal offense.[1]

Hammer and sickle

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Main article:Hammer and sickle
 
 
Atableau in a communist rally inKerala,India showing two farmers forming thehammer and sickle, the most famous communist symbol

Thehammer and sickle appears on the flags of most communist parties around the world. Some parties have a modified version of the hammer and sickle as their symbol, most notably theWorkers' Party of Korea which includes a hammer representing industrial workers, a hoe representing agricultural workers, and a brush (traditional writing-implement) representing the intelligentsia.

The hammer stands for theindustrial working class and the sickle represents the agricultural workers, therefore together they represent the unity of the two groups.[2]

The hammer and sickle was first used during the1917 Russian Revolution, but it did not appear on theofficial flag of theUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics until 1924.[2] Since the Russian Revolution, the hammer and sickle has been used by variouscommunist parties andcommunist states.

Red star

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Main article:Red star
 

The red five-pointed star is a symbol of the ultimate triumph of the ideas ofcommunism on the five (inhabited, excluding Antarctica)continents of the globe. It first appeared as a military symbol inTsarist Russia. It was then called the “Mars star,” reminiscent ofMars, the ancient Roman god of war. On January 1, 1827, the law was signed that put a five-pointed star on the epaulets of officers and generals. In 1854, the star began to be used on shoulder straps. Later, the five-pointed star with a two-headed eagle inside it was used to mark military trains and carriages. In Soviet Russia, the five-pointed star symbolized the protection of peacetime labor by the Red Army (again, like in Ancient Rome, where Mars was also the protector of the agricultural workers). In 1918, the drawing of the badge for the soldiers of the Red Army in the form of a red star with a golden image of a plough and a hammer in the center was approved. The star symbolized protection, while the plough and the hammer were read as a union of peasants and workers. By the 1920s, the red star began to be used as an official symbol of the state; and finally, in 1924, it became part of the Soviet flag and the official emblem of the Soviet Union.[3][4]

In the succeeding years, the five-pointed red star came to be considered a symbol ofcommunism as well as of broadersocialism in general. It was widely used byanti-fascist resisting parties and undergroundsocialist organizations in Europe leading up to and duringWorld War II. During the war, the red star was prominently used as a symbol of theRed Army troops of theSoviet Union countering theinvading forces ofNazi Germany and wiping them out of Eastern Europe; achieving absolute victory, and ending the war at theBattle of Berlin.[citation needed] Most states in theEastern Bloc incorporated the red star into state symbols to signify their socialist nature.

Red flag

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Main article:Red flag (politics)
 

The red flag is often seen in combination with other communist symbols and party names. The flag is used at various communist and socialist rallies likeMay Day. The flag, being a symbol ofsocialism itself, is also commonly associated with non-communist variants of socialism.

The red flag has had multiple meanings in history. It is associated with courage, sacrifice, blood and war in general, but it was first used as a flag of defiance.[5] The red flag gained its modern association with communism in the1871 French Revolution.[citation needed] After theOctober Revolution, the Soviet government adopted the red flag with a superimposed hammer and sickle as its national flag. Since the October Revolution, various socialist states and movements have used the red flag.

Red and black flag

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See also:Bisected flag
 

The red and black flag has been a symbol of general communist movements, though generally used byanarcho-communists. The flag was used as the symbol of theanarcho-syndicalists during theSpanish Civil War. The black representsanarchism and the red representsleftist andsocialist ideals.[6] Over time, the flag spilled intostatist leftist movements, these movements include theSandinistas and the26th of July Movement, where the flags colors are not divided diagonally, but horizontally. As in the case of the Sandinistas, they adopted the flag due to the movement's anarchist roots.[7]

The Internationale

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Main article:The Internationale

The Internationale is an anthem of theCommunist movement.[8] It is one of the most universally recognized songs in the world and has been translated into nearly every spoken language. Its originalFrench refrain isC'est la lutte finale/Groupons-nous et demain/L'Internationale/Sera le genre humain (English: This is the final struggle/Let's group together and tomorrow/The International/Will be the human race). It is often sung with araised fist salute.

The song has been used by communists all over the world since it was composed in the 19th century and adopted as the official anthem of theSecond International. It later became the anthem ofSoviet Russia in 1918 and of theSoviet Union in 1922. It was superseded as the Soviet Union anthem in 1944 with the adoption of theState Anthem of the Soviet Union, which placed more emphasis onpatriotism. The song was also sung in defiance to Communist governments, such as in theGerman Democratic Republic in 1989 prior toreunification as well as in thePeople's Republic of China during theTiananmen Square protests of the same year.[9][10]

Plough or Starry Plough

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The original Starry Plough was designed by William H. Megahy, though the concept may have originated withGeorge William Russell, for theIrish Citizen Army[11] and showed silver stars on a green background.[12] The flag depicts anasterism (an identified part) of theconstellationUrsa Major, calledThe Plough (or "Starry Plough") inIreland andBritain, theBig Dipper in North America, and various other names worldwide. Two of the Plough's seven stars point toPolaris, the North Star.James Connolly, co-founder of the Irish Citizen Army withJack White andJames Larkin, said the significance of the banner was that a free Ireland would control its own destiny from theplough to the stars.[13] The sword as the plowshare is also a biblical reference inIsaiah 2:3-4. In thebible verse, God pushes his followers to turn their weapons into tools, turning the means for war into the means for peace. The marriage ofCatholic tradition, the biblical reference being integral to the flag's design, with socialist concepts, like the working class and the oppressor forcing them to take up their plowshares as arms, leaves the Starry Plough flag with complexity and nuanced implications, which culminate in a very wide range of interpretations.[14] During the 1930s the design changed to a blue banner which was designed by members of theRepublican Congress, and was adopted as the emblem of the Irish Labour movement, including theLabour Party. Labour adopted the rose as its official emblem in 1991 but continued to use the Starry Plough for ceremonial occasions, and in 2021 the party reverted to using the Starry Plough as their primary symbol (this time with white stars on a red background).

 
 

In China, thePlough flag (Chinese:犁头旗), a red flag with white or yellow plough, was widely used in the period of theFirst Revolutionary Civil War as the flag of theChinese Peasants' Association, an organization led by theChinese Communist Party.[15][16] It is believed thatPeng Pai (Chinese:彭湃) was the first user in 1923 at the peasants' association ofHailufeng.[17] The Plough flag has many different versions and some are combined with the flag of Blue Sky, White Sun or Red Field;[18] other are different on the details of the plough.[19][20]

National emblems

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Soviet leaders sought to distinguish their insignia from the emblems used by the Russian emperor and aristocracy as they replaced and omitted the traditional heraldic devices, substituting an emblem that did not conform to traditional European practices

Many communist governments purposely diverged from the traditional forms of European heraldry in order to distance themselves from themonarchies that they usually replaced, with actual coats of arms being seen as symbols of the monarchs. Instead, they followed the pattern of the national emblems adopted in the late 1910s and early 1920s in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

Other communist symbols

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While not necessarily communist in nature, the following graphic elements are often incorporated into the flags, seals and propaganda of communist countries and movements.

Notable examples of communist states that use no overtly communist imagery on their flags, emblems or other graphic representations areCuba and the formerPolish People's Republic.

Gallery

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Examples of these symbols in use.

Hammer and sickle

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Red flag

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Red star

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Red and black flag

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Plough

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Arabic-Communist Symbols

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  • Tatarstani USSR Emblem by an unknown artist showcasing the friendship between two farmers

Other symbols

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See also

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References

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  1. ^"Het spook van het communisme waart nog steeds door Europa" (in Dutch). 22 December 2009. Archived fromthe original on 5 November 2020. RetrievedJuly 14, 2012.
  2. ^ab"Flag of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Symbol, Colors & Meanings | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2024-11-15.
  3. ^"The Soviet flag EXPLAINED". 20 June 2021. RetrievedJune 25, 2021.
  4. ^"The Soviet flag EXPLAINED". 21 June 2021. RetrievedJune 25, 2021.
  5. ^1602 Dekker Satirom.Wks. 1873 I. 233 What, dost summon a parlie, my little Drumsticke? tis too late: thou seest my red flag is hung out.1666Lond. Gaz. No. 91/4 That the Red Flag was out, both Fleets in sight of each other, expecting every hour fit weather to Engage.Flags of the World,"Flag of Defiance".
  6. ^"Anarchist FAQ Appendix"Archived 2015-09-01 at theWayback Machine.
  7. ^"El socialismo libertario de" (in Spanish). Centro Para la Promoción, Investigación Rural y Social. Archived fromthe original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved30 March 2009.
  8. ^The Guardian, Australia (25 October 2009)."The International". pp. first paragraph. Archived fromthe original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved3 April 2018.
  9. ^"Telling the Story with Music: The Internationale AT TIANANMEN SQUARE".Association for Asian Studies. Retrieved2024-11-15.
  10. ^Tuohy, William (1989-10-09)."E. German Police Beat Protesters : Brutality in Berlin Comes on 2nd Day of Demonstrations".Los Angeles Times. Retrieved2024-11-15.
  11. ^"Irish Literary Portraits" ed. W. R. Rodgers p.195
  12. ^"History of Starry Plough Flag". Angelfire.com. 1989-11-06. Retrieved2010-07-23.
  13. ^"The Plough and the Stars Irish Theatre Players Perth".www.dfa.ie.Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved20 February 2017.
  14. ^"The Starry Plough Flag". Irish Studies Group at SUNY Geneseo.
  15. ^"002这是好的很 毛泽东发表《湖南农民运动考察报告》发表四十四周年".
  16. ^"土地革命时期农民秋收暴动旗帜"Archived 2017-09-26 at theWayback Machine.
  17. ^"彭湃与陆丰农民运动"Archived 2021-04-28 at theWayback Machine.
  18. ^"广明龙农会会旗"Archived 2016-10-25 at theWayback Machine.
  19. ^"#消夏计划#石塘双峰寨——中国的意大利费拉拉式水"Archived 2018-10-20 at theWayback Machine.
  20. ^"【网络媒体走转改】湖北红安这条古街记录过革命时期的壮怀激烈，更见证了新中国的巨大变迁".
  21. ^ab“Che Guevara: Revolutionary & Icon”, by Trisha Ziff, Abrams Image, 2006
  22. ^“Communists, Capitalists still buy into Iconic Che Photo, Author says” by Brian Byrnes,CNN, May 5, 2009

Bibliography

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  • Arvidsson, Stefan (2017).Style and mythology of socialism: socialist idealism, 1871-1914. Routledge.
  • Barisone, Silvia, Czech, Hans-Jörg & Doll, Nikola (2007).Kunst und Propaganda im Streit der Nationen 1930 - 1945: eine Ausstellung des Deutschen Historischen Museums Berlin in Zusammenarbeit mit The Wolfsonian-Florida International University. Dresden: Sandstein.
  • Groys, Boris (2011 [1992]).The total art of Stalinism: avant-garde, aesthetic dictatorship, and beyond. Verso Books.
  • King, David (2009).Red star over Russia: a visual history of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the death of Stalin : posters, photographs and graphics from the David King collection. London: Tate.

External links

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