Coffin Texts

TheCoffin Texts are a collection ofancient Egyptian funeraryspells written oncoffins beginning in theFirst Intermediate Period. They are partially derived from the earlierPyramid Texts, reserved for royal use only, but contain substantial new material related to everyday desires, indicating a new target audience of common people. Coffin texts are dated back to 2100 BCE.^[1] Ordinary Egyptians who could afford a coffin had access to these funerary spells and thepharaoh no longer had exclusive rights to an afterlife.^[2]^[3]

As the modern name of this collection of some 1,185 spells implies, they were mostly inscribed onMiddle Kingdom coffins. They were also sometimes written on tomb walls,stelae,canopic chests,papyri andmummy masks. Due to the limited writing surfaces of some of these objects, the spells were often abbreviated, giving rise to long and short versions, some of which were later copied in theBook of the Dead.^[3]

Content

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In contrast to thePyramid Texts which focus on thecelestial realm, the coffin texts emphasize the subterranean elements of the afterlife ruled by thedeity Osiris, in a place called theDuat. An Osirian afterlife is offered to everyone, and the deceased is even referred to as "the Osiris-[name]." This subterranean realm is described as being filled with threatening beings, traps, and snares with which the deceased must contend. The spells in the Coffin Texts allow the deceased to protect themselves against these dangers and "dying asecond death".

A new theme recorded in the coffin texts is the notion that all people will bejudged byOsiris and his council according to their deeds in life. The texts allude to the use of abalance, which became the pivotal moment of judgment in the laterBook of the Dead. The texts address common fears of the living, such as having to do manual labor, with spells to allow the deceased to avoid these unpleasant tasks.

They combineritual actions intended as protection, expressions of aspiration for a blessed existence after death and of thetransformations andtransmigrations of theba andakh and so on. In addition there are descriptions of theland of the dead, its landscape and inhabitants. These include theSekhet Hotep (Field of offerings or peace), the paths of Rostau and the abode of Osiris.

Examples

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Dismantled coffin of Khety c. 1919–1800 BCE with Coffin Text spells painted on the inside panels

Coffin text 1130 is a speech by the sun godRa, who says:

Hail in peace! I repeat to you the good deeds which my own heart did for me from within the serpent-coil, in order to silence strife ...
I made the four winds, that every man might breathe in his time ...
I made the great inundation, that the humble might benefit by it like the great ...
I made every man like his fellow; and I did not command that they do wrong. It is their hearts which disobey what I have said ...
I have created the gods from my sweat, and the people from the tears of my eye.

Dismantled coffin of Khety c. 1919–1800 BCE with Coffin Text spells painted on the inside panels

Coffin text 1031 is spoken by the deceased, who replies:

I shall sail rightly in my bark, I am lord of eternity in the crossing of the sky.
I am not afraid in my limbs, forHu and Hike overthrow for me that evil being.
I shall see light-land, I shall dwell in it ...
Make way for me, that I may see Nun andAmun! For I am thatAkh who passes by the guards ...
I am equipped and effective in opening his portal!
As for any person who knows this spell, he will be like Re in the eastern sky, likeOsiris in thenetherworld. He will go down to the circle of fire, without the flame touching him ever!

The Book of Two Ways

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"The Book of Two Ways" redirects here. For the 2020 novel by Jodi Picoult, seeThe Book of Two Ways (novel).

A few coffins from the Middle Egyptian necropolis of el-Bersheh (Deir El Bersha) contain unique graphical representations of the realm of the afterlife, along with spells related to the journey of the deceased through the Duat. This collection, calledthe Book of Two Ways, was the first example of an Ancient Egyptian map of the underworld. The Book of Two Ways is a precursor to theNew Kingdom books of the underworld as well as the Book of the Dead, in which descriptions of the routes through the afterlife are a persistent theme. The two ways depicted are the land and water routes, separated by a lake of fire, that lead to Rostau and the abode of Osiris.^[3] The oldest copy currently known belonged to a woman named Ankh who lived during the reign of thenomarch Ahanakht I.^[4]

References

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^"10 Oldest Religious Texts in the World". 28 November 2017.
^Lichtheim, Miriam (1975).Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1. London, England: University of California Press.ISBN 0-520-02899-6.
^^a ^b ^cGoelet, Dr. Ogden; et al. (1994).The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
^Willems, Harco (24 September 2019)."A Fragment of an Early Book of Two Ways on the Coffin of Ankh from Dayr al-Barshā (B4B)".The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.104 (2):145–160.doi:10.1177/0307513319856848.S2CID 204714608.