Close-in weapon system

Aclose-in weapon system (CIWS/ˈsiːwɪz/SEE-wiz)^[1] is apoint-defense weapon system for detecting and destroying short-range incomingmissiles and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted on anaval ship. Nearly all classes of larger modernwarships are equipped with some kind of CIWS device.

There are two types of CIWS systems. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination ofradars, computers, and rapid-firingmultiple-barrel rotary cannons placed on a rotatingturret. Missile-based CIWSs use eitherinfra-red,passive radar/ESM, orsemi-active radar terminal guidance to guide missiles to the targeted enemy aircraft or other threats. In some cases, CIWS are used on land to protect military bases. In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell and rocket fire.

Gun systems

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Phalanx CIWS andAselsan STOP aboard theTCG shipAnadolu

A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers androtary orrevolver cannon placed on a rotating, automatically aimed gun mount. Examples of gun-based CIWS products in operation are:

AK-630,630M,306,630M1-2, and630M2 - 30×165mm caliber
Aselsan GOKDENIZ andGOKDENIZ ER - 35×228mm
DARDO andFast Forty - 40×365mmR
Denel 35mm Dual Purpose Gun - 35×228mm
Goalkeeper CIWS - 30×173mm
Kashtan CIWS andM variant - 30×165mm
Mauser BK-27 - 27×145mm
Meroka CIWS - 20×128mm
Myriad CIWS - 25×184mm
PIT-Radwar OSU-35K - 35×228mm
Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun^[2]^[3] - 35×228mm
Rheinmetall Sea Snake 30 mm - 30×173mm
Phalanx CIWS Block 0, 1, 1A, and 1B - 20×102mm
Sea Zenith - 25×184mm
H/PJ-76A - 37×240mm
Type 730 andType 1130 CIWS - 30×165mm
Pantsir-M - 30×165mm

Limitations of gun systems

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Short range: the maximum effective range of gun systems is about 5,000 metres (16,000 ft); systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about 500 m (1,600 ft) or less,^[4] still close enough to cause damage to the ship's sensor or communication arrays, or to wound or kill exposed personnel. Thus some CIWS like RussianKashtan and Pantsir systems are augmented by installing the close rangesurface-to-air missiles on the same mounting for increased tactical flexibility.

Limited kill probability: even if the missile is hit and damaged, this may not be enough to destroy it entirely or to alter its course. Even in the case of a direct hit, the missile or fragments from it may still impact the intended target, particularly if the final interception distance is short. This is especially true if the gun fireskinetic-energy-only projectiles.^[5]

Comparison table

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Comparison
	DARDO^[6]	Goalkeeper	Kashtan^[7]	Millennium^{[citation needed]}	Phalanx^[8]	Type 730^[9]	Gökdeniz^[10]^[11]	OSU-35K
Origin	Italy	Netherlands	Russia	Switzerland	United States	China	Turkey	Poland
Image
Weight	5,500 kg (12,100 lb)	9,902 kg (21,830 lb)	15,500 kg (34,200 lb)	3,300 kg (7,300 lb)	6,200 kg (13,700 lb)	9,800 kg (21,600 lb)	?	3,300 kg (7,300 lb)
Armament	40 mm (1.6 in) 2 barreledBofors 40 mm	30 mm (1.2 in) 7 barreledGAU-8 Gatling Gun	x2 30 mm (1.2 in) 6 barreledGSh-6-30 rotary auto cannon 8 ×9M311K + 32 missiles	35 mm (1.4 in) 1 barreledOerlikon Millennium 35 mm Naval Revolver Gun System	20 mm (0.79 in) 6 barreledM61 Vulcan Gatling Gun	30 mm (1.2 in) 7 barreled Gatling Gun	35 mm (1.4 in) 2 barreledOerlikon 35 mm twin cannon	35 mm (1.4 in) 1 barreled Oerlikon KDA autocannon
Rate of fire	600/900 rounds per minute	4,200 rounds per minute	10,000 rounds per minute (5,000 per gun) 1–2 (salvo) missiles per 3–4 sec	200/1000 rounds per minute	4,500 rounds per minute	5,800 rounds per minute	1,100 rounds per minute (550 per gun)	550 rounds per minute
(effective/ flat-trajectory) Range	4,000 m (13,000 ft)	3,500 m (11,500 ft)	Missiles: 1,500–10,000 m (4,900–32,800 ft) Guns: 300–5,000 m (980–16,400 ft)	3,500 m (11,500 ft)	2,000 m (6,600 ft)	3,000 m (9,800 ft)	ATOM 35mm:^[12] 4,000 metres (13,000 ft)	FAPDS: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) ABM:3,500 m (11,500 ft)
Ammunition storage	736 rounds	1,190 rounds	2 × 2,000 rounds	252 rounds	1,550 rounds	640 or 2 × 500 rounds (depending on model)	?	2 × 100 rounds
Muzzle velocity	1,000 m (3,300 ft) per second	1,109 m (3,638 ft) per second	960–1100 m/s (3,150-3,610 ft/s)	1,050 m (3,440 ft) per second / 1,175 m (3,855 ft) per second	1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second	1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second	1,020 m/s (3,300 ft/s)	FAPDS: 1,440 m/s (4,700 ft/s) ABM:1,050 m/s (3,400 ft/s)
Elevation	−13 to +85 degrees	−25 to +85 degrees	?	−15 to +85 degrees	−25 to +85 degrees	−25 to +85 degrees	?	−10 to +85 degrees
Speed in elevation	60 degrees per second	100 degrees per second	50 degrees per second	70 degrees per second	115 degrees per second	100 degrees per second	?	?
Traverse	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °
Speed in traverse	90 degrees per second	100 degrees per second	70 degrees per second	120 degrees per second	115 degrees per second	100 degrees per second	?	?
In service	?	1980	1989	2003	1980	2007	2019	2022

Missile systems

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Similar toKashtan CIWS andPantsir-M, the Russian-designed Palma CIWS is also a combination of rapid-firing rotary cannons and short-range surface-to-air missiles such as the9M337 Sosna-R.

A missile-based CIWS comprises a combination of radars and computers connected to either a rotating, automatically aimed launcher mount orvertical launching system. Examples of missile-based CIWS in operational service are:

Land-based

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CIWS are also used on land in the form ofPantsir andC-RAM.^[13] On a smaller scale,active protection systems are used in sometanks (to destroyrocket propelled grenades (RPGs), and several are in development. TheDrozd system was deployed onSoviet Naval Infantry tanks in the early 1980s, but later replaced byexplosive reactive armour. Other systems that are available or under development are the RussianArena, IsraeliTrophy, AmericanQuick Kill and South African-SwedishLEDS-150.

Laser systems

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Laser-based CIWS systems are being researched. In August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboardUSS Ponce.^[14] TheScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Turkish:Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK) is the second organisation after the US to have developed and tested a High Power Laser CIWS prototype System which is intended to be used on theTF-2000 class frigate and on Turkish airborne systems.^[15]^[16]^[17]