Cichorioideae

TheCichorioideae are asubfamily of thefamily Asteraceae offlowering plants. Familiar members of Cichorioideae includelettuce,dandelions,chicory andGazania species. The subfamily comprises about 240genera and about 2900species. It is heterogeneous and hard to characterize except with molecular characters.

Cichorioideae

Cichorium intybus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Cichorioideae Chevallier
Tribes
Seetext

Taxonomy

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The subfamily as understood in 1998 turned out to beparaphyletic, based onstudies ofDNA sequences,^[1]so a number oftribes were moved to newsubfamilies. Names for the new subfamilies were published in 2002.^[2]In 2004, 2007, and 2008,molecular phylogenetic studies further clarifiedrelationships within Cichorioideae.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Majorworks on Asteraceae were published in 2007 and 2009. These were the only comprehensivetreatments of the family since 1994.^[6] In the 2007 book,Gundelia andWarionia weresegregated from the tribeCichorieae to form the tribeGundelieae.Eremothamnus,Hoplophyllum,Heterolepis, andPlatycarpha were placedincertae sedis in tribeArctotideae, whileDistephanus,Trichospira,Moquinia, andPseudostifftia were placed in the tribeVernonieae.^[7] Some of thisclassification was not supported byphylogenetic studies that came out later.^[8]^[5] For example, the tribe Arctotideae was only weakly supported asmonophyletic, but its two subtribes,Arctotidinae andGorteriinae, were strongly supported.

In the 2009 book, the Gundelieae were sunk into theCichorieae. The new tribePlatycarpheae was recognized, as well as the tribes Eremothamneae and Moquinieae.Heterolepis was placed in the Arctotideae, at least provisionally.Distephanus was not placed in the Moquinieae or the Vernonieae, but is closely related to them.^[9]Trichospira was placed in theVernonieae, but its inclusion there is in doubt.

Phylogeny

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The followingphylogeny is fromSystematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae, except the tribe Gundelieae is recognized and the genusTrichospira is now included in Vernonieae.

Cichorioideae

	Gundelieae

	Cichorieae

	Distephanus

	Trichospira

	Moquinieae

	Vernonieae

References

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^Bayer, Randall J.; Starr, Julian R. (1998)."Tribal Phylogeny of the Asteraceae Based on Two Non-Coding Chloroplast Sequences, the trnL Intron and trnL/trnF Intergenic Spacer".Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.85 (2):242–256.doi:10.2307/2992008.JSTOR 2992008.
^Jose L. Panero; Vicki A. Funk (2002-12-30)."Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae)"(PDF).Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.115 (4). Biological Society of Washington:909–922. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2006-09-14. Retrieved2007-08-12.
^Funk, Vicki A.; Chan, Raymund; Keeley, Sterling C. (2004). "Insights into the Evolution of the Tribe Arctoteae (Compositae: Subfamily Cichorioideae s.s.) Using trnL-F, ndhF, and ITS".Taxon.53 (3):637–655.doi:10.2307/4135440.JSTOR 4135440.
^Sterling C. Keeley, Zac H. Forsman, and Raymund Chan. 2007. "A phylogeny of the "evil tribe" (Vernonieae: Compositae) reveals Old/New World long distance dispersal: Support from separate and combined congruent datasets (trnL-F,ndhF, ITS)".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution44(1):89-103.
^^a ^bJose L. Panero and Vicki A. Funk. 2008. "The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: Major clades of the Asteraceae revealed".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution47(2):757–782.
^Kåre Bremer (with the assistance of Arne A. Anderberg, Per Ola Karis, Bertil Nordenstam, Johannes Lundberg, and Olof Ryding). 1994.Asteraceae: cladistics and classification. Timber Press: Oregon, USA.ISBN 978-0-88192-275-2.
^Klaus Kubitzki (series editor); Joachim W. Kadereit and Charles Jeffrey (volume editors).The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VIII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany.ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1
^Vicki A. Funk; Raymund Chan; Stirling C. Keeley (2004)."Insights into the evolution of the tribe Arctoteae (Compositae: subfamily Cichorioideae s.s.) usingtrnL-F, ndhF, and ITS"(PDF).Taxon.53 (3):637–655.doi:10.2307/4135440.JSTOR 4135440.
^Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy, and Randall J. Bayer. 2009.Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae. IAPT (International Association for Plant Taxonomy).ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1 (seeExternal links below).