TheChota Char Dham (lit. 'the small four abodes/seats' or 'the small circuit of four abodes/seats') is an important modernHindu pilgrimage circuit^[1] inUttarakhand, in the IndianHimalayas. Located in theGarhwal region of the state ofUttarakhand, the circuit consists of four sites—Gangotri,Yamunotri,Kedarnath, andBadrinath.^[2] Badrinath is also one of the four destinations (with each destination being in different corners of the country) of the longerChar Dham from which the Chota Char Dham likely draws its name.^[3][4]

Chota Char Dham

Yamunotri

Gangotri

Kedarnath

Badrinath

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Kedarnath

Badrinath

Gangotri

Yamunotri

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The four places inUttarakhand

Akshaya Tritiya (April or May in theGregorian calendar) marks the beginning of the Chota Char Dham Yatra and closes two days after Diwali, on the day of Bhai-Bij (or Bhai Dooj)^[5] In May and June, tourists flock in large numbers, due to heavy rainfall greater chances of roadblocks or landslides in late July and August during monsoon season.

The AnnualChota Char Dham Yatra resumed in May 2014, after being suspended during the2013 Uttarakhand floods. The footfall has now improved due to proactive measures taken by the government of Uttarakhand.^[6] In 2022, in just two months (10 June – 10 August), 2.8 million pilgrims have visited these Dhams.^[7]

A record 4.1 million pilgrims visited Chota Char dham in 2022.^[8] Over 1.4 million pilgrims have already visited Kedarnath, over 600,000 have visited Gangotri, and over 500,000 have visited Yamunotri. Around 1.5 million pilgrims have already visited Badrinath the same year.^[9]

Originally, the appellation Char Dham referred to a pilgrimage circuit encompassing four important temples cities —Puri,Rameswaram,Dwarka, andBadrinath — located roughly at the four cardinal points of the subcontinent. An archetypal All-India pilgrimage circuit, the formation of the original Char Dham is credited to the great 8th century reformer and philosopher Shankaracharya (Adi Sankara). In the original Char Dham, three of the four sites are Vaishnava (Puri, Dwarka and Badrinath) while one is Shaiva (Rameswaram). The Chota Char Dham appeared very likely in the second half of the 20th century, as a touristic (religious tourism) label coinned for a new pilgrimage circuit in theGarhwal Himalayas region, representative of all three major Hindu sectarian traditions, with twoShakti (goddess) sites, (Yamunotri and Gangotri), oneShaiva site (Kedarnath), and oneVaishnava site (Badrinath).^{[citation needed]}

Accessible until the 1950s only by arduous and lengthy walking trails in hilly area with height repeatedly exceeded 4000 meters, the sanctuairies constituting the nowadays Chota Char Dham were regularly visited by wandering ascetics and other religious people, and those who could afford a traveling entourage. While the individual sites and the ancient pilgrimage paths conducting to these were well known to Hindus on the plains below, they were not a particularly visible aspect of yearly religious culture. After the1962 war between India and China, accessibility to these isolated places improved, as India undertook massive road building to border area and other infrastructure investments. As pilgrims were able to travel in mini buses, jeeps and cars to nearest points of four shrines, the Chota Char dham circuit was within the reach of people with middle income. Vehicles reach up to Badrinath temple and Gangotri, Yamunotri and Kedarnath are at a distance of 10 to 15 km from nearest motorable road.^{[citation needed]} The Chota Char Dham pilgrimage circuit is promoted byIndian Central Government and theState of Uttarakhand, in service of both governments plans of economic development and infrastructure planning in this sensitive mountainous region.

The Chota Char Dham has become an important destination for pilgrims from throughout South Asia and the diaspora. Today, the circuit receives hundreds of thousands of visitors in an average pilgrimage season, which lasts from approximately 15 April untilDiwali (sometime in November). The season is heaviest in the two-month period before the monsoon, which normally comes in late July. After the rains begin, travel to the sites becomes extremely dangerous. Even before the rains begin, safety is a major concern, as extensive road building and heavy traffic have critically destabilized the rocks, making fatal landslides and bus/jeep accidents a regular occurrence. Mortality rates for a season often surpass 200.

Some pilgrims also visit the sites after the rains ends and before the sites become impassable due to snow. Although temperatures at the shrines in the early winter months of October and November are inhospitable, it is said that the mountain scenery surrounding the sites is most vivid after the rains have had a chance to moisten the dust of the plains below.

The Chota Char Dham was washed away in the2013 North India floods. One of the worst flash floods happened in June 2013 and it heavily devastated many parts of the Chota Char Dham, particularly the town of Kedarnath as it was almost destroyed with only the Kedarnath Temple and a few buildings around remaining intact albeit partially submerged by rocks and slurry.^[10] Since this incident, several criticisms have been raised regarding themass tourism and theimpacts induced by this pilgrimage circuit. In particular the negative effects on the environment of the Garhwal Himalayas and on its resident populations. Landslides and land subsidence in the region, for example inJoshimath, have particularly increased under the influence of large development projects that are not sufficiently adapted to local conditions, such as theChota Char Dham Highway.^[11][12]

Chota Char Dham Railway project's 321 km long construction, costing INR432.92 billion (US$6.6 billion), commenced withFinal Location Survey (FSL) by the government of India in May 2017.^[1][13]

Access to the pilgrimage is either fromHaridwar, orRishikesh, or fromDehradun. The tradition is to visit the sites in the following order:

1. Yamunotri: the source of theYamuna River and the head of the goddessYamuna.
2. Gangotri: the source of theGanges (River Ganga) and head of the goddessGanga.
3. Kedarnath: The temple of Kedarnath is dedicated to Shiva, one of the main deities in Hinduism. The temple is one of the 12Jyotirlingas or “pillars of light.” It is believed to have been built by thePandavas.^{[citation needed]} This is also the foremost of thePanch Kedar Temples in Uttarakhand.
4. Badrinath: the seat of the Hindu godVishnu in his aspect of Badrinarayan, one of the 108Divya Desams.

Gangotri and Badrinath are accessible directly by road. However, in order to go to Kedarnath or Yamunotri, most pilgrims rent out alternative transportation methods like horses to travel the last few kilometres. In Kedarnath there is also a government run helicopter service.