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Chicamocha Canyon

For other uses, seeChicamocha (disambiguation).

TheChicamocha Canyon (/ˌtʃiːkəˈmoʊtʃə/CHEE-kə-MOH-chə,Spanish:Cañón del Chicamocha) is a steep sidedcanyon carved by theChicamocha River inColombia. With a maximum depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), an area of 108,000 hectares (270,000 acres) and a length of 227 kilometres (141 mi), the canyon is the second-largest worldwide. The canyon is situated in the departments ofBoyacá andSantander, stretching fromSoatá in the southeast toGirón andBetulia in the northwest.

Chicamocha Canyon
Cañón del Chicamocha
Chicamocha Canyon at the confluence of the Suárez and Chicamocha Rivers, and the Sogamoso River
Chicamocha Canyon is located in Colombia
Chicamocha Canyon
Chicamocha Canyon
Floor elevation900–1,900 m (3,000–6,200 ft)
Length227 km (141 mi) NW-SE
Area108,000 ha (270,000 acres)
Depth2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Geology
TypeRiver canyon
AgeOligocene-recent
Geography
Country Colombia
StateBoyacá andSantander
RegionAndean
South American Plate
and Chibcha Terrane
DistrictAlto Chicamocha [es]
Population centersSoatá,Capitanejo,Cepitá,Pescadero,Jordán,Betulia,Girón
Borders onMesa de Los Santos (west, north, east)
Altiplano Cundiboyacense (south)
Coordinates6°45′N73°02′W / 6.750°N 73.033°W /6.750; -73.033 
Traversed byNational Route 45A
RiversChicamocha River
Suárez River
Sogamoso River

The canyon is a major tourist attraction at approximately 55 kilometres (34 mi) from the capital of Santander,Bucaramanga and close tobackpacker destinationSan Gil.National Route 45A, connectingBogotá withBucaramanga, between San Gil and Piedecuesta crosses the canyon and offers spectacular sights on both sides of the Chicamocha River. The heavy truck traffic through the canyon, with frequent accidents and very restricted access can lead to long traffic jams. The canyon is currently administered byChicamocha National Park (Spanish:Parque Nacional del Chicamocha, PANACHI). The Chicamocha Canyon started forming in theEarly Oligocene, when Colombia was undergoing a tectonically active phase of theAndean orogeny. TheSierra Nevada de Santa Marta was emplaced during theEocene and active subduction of theCaribbean andCoiba Plates caused uplift in the Eastern Ranges. The climatological changes of the Oligocene, with a generalglobal cooling trend, strong uplift and changing and restricted weather patterns led to the formation of the early Chicamocha Canyon. Ongoing uplift in theMiocene brought about a larger and higherhinterland for thedrainage basin of the Chicamocha River. In the Pleistocene, at the southern extension near Soatá, apaleolake, Lake Soatá formed, which was inhabited by the elephant-likeNotiomastodon (described asHaplomastodon waringi found in theSoatá Formation in the canyon.

The canyon is one of thetreasures of Colombia.

In 2009, the canyon was preselected for the election of the7 natural wonders.[1] The Chicamocha canyon was finally located in the Top 77 of the Natural Wonders.

Since 2013, a yearly set of running contests, theChicamocha Canyon Race, are held around the canyon.[2]

Etymology

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The name Chicamocha in the Guane language of theMuisca means "silver thread on a full moon night in the mountain range".[3]

Description

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Legend:
  Start of Chicamocha Canyon near Soatá
  River crossing by45A
  Confluence of Suárez and Chicamocha Rivers near Jordán
  End of Chicamocha Canyon between Betulia and Girón
  Confluence Sogamoso withMagdalena River
 Barichara
 Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault (BSF)

Chicamocha Canyon has a length of 227 kilometres (141 mi),[4] extends over 108,000 hectares (270,000 acres),[5] and a maximum depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), making it the second-largest canyon in the world.[6] The canyon was formed in a period since about 30 million years ago. The southern extension near Soatá, contained aPleistocenepaleolake,Lake Soatá. In theSoatá Formation, fossils of this period have been found. The canyon is currently administered byChicamocha National Park.

The canyon is the result of the erosion caused by the Chicamocha River, which erosional forces created deep cliffs on both sides. The Chicamocha Canyon begins near the town ofSoatá in the Department ofBoyacá and flows mainly through Santander, extending all the way to the municipality ofLebrija. This geographic feature was caused by the movement of tectonic plates that extend from the Chicamocha Canyon to other regions such as Bucaramanga. South ofZapatoca, the Chicamocha River and theSuárez River form theSogamoso River.[7] The canyon represents the southern boundary of theMesa de Los Santos, aseismically active area known as theBucaramanga Nest.[8]

The climate in the highest parts of the canyon near Soatá is cold and humid, changing into a dry and hotter climate near Capitanejo.[9] The lowest areas in the northwest at around 900 metres (3,000 ft) elevation have the driest and hottest climate.[10] The vegetation of the canyon north of San Gil is of a dry tropical forest.[11]

History

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The region of the Chicamocha Canyon before theSpanish conquest was inhabited by theGuane.[12]

Geology

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View of the Sogamoso River in the Chicamocha Canyon,Girón toZapatoca.

Chicamocha Canyon traverses formations ofPrecambrian toPleistocene age. In the southeasternmost part, theSoatá Formation forms the youngest geological unit, deposited in terraces surroundingLake Soatá. Lake Soatá was probably close to 400 metres (1,300 ft) deep.[13] The paleolake was approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) long and widest between Soatá andBoavita at 7 kilometres (4.3 mi).[14] Fossils ofHaplomastodon waringi,Neochoerus sp. andOdocoileus cf. salinae have been found here.[15] The fossil content is fragmentary.[16]

The canyon flanks contain outcrops of theNeoproterozoicBucaramanga Gneiss, theCambro-Ordovician sequence of Late CambrianChicamocha Schist, named after the canyon, andSan Pedro Phyllites. This sequence was formerly called 'Silgará Formation'.[17] Following a hiatus, typical for Colombian geology spanning theSilurian, theDevonianFloresta Formation unconformably overlies the Lower Paleozoic section. TheJurassicPescadero Quartzmonzonite,Jordán,[18] andSan Gil Formations,[19] and theCretaceousTibú-Mercedes,Aguardiente,Capacho,[20]La Luna,Paja,Rosablanca,[21] andEl Tambor Formations overly the Paleozoic succession.[22][23][24]

Near Jordán, theLas Cruces-Curití,Los Santos andAratoca Faults cross-cut and form the canyon,[22] aroundCurití, the canyon is cut by theBucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault and near Covarachía theChicamocha Fault forms the trace of the canyon.[23]

NearBarichara on the flanks of the canyon,gypsum is mined.[25]

Gallery

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Panorama

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Panorama of the Chicamocha Canyon

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toChicamocha Canyon.

References

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  1. ^Selection of Chicamocha Canyon -El Tiempo
  2. ^Chicamocha Canyon Race
  3. ^(in Spanish)Meaning of Chicamocha
  4. ^(in Spanish)Cañones de Colombia, una cadena infinita de montañas
  5. ^(in Spanish)Nuestro Cañón sería 'bien de interés patrimonial universal'
  6. ^(in Spanish)¿Por qué el Cañón del Chicamocha fue nominado a las 7 maravillas naturales del mundo?
  7. ^Ortíz, 1958, p.5
  8. ^Ortíz, 1958, p.7
  9. ^Reyes et al., 2007, p.23
  10. ^Reyes et al., 2007, p.25
  11. ^Pulido González, 1985, p.6
  12. ^(in Spanish)Guane people and their territories
  13. ^Villarroel et al., 2001, p.88
  14. ^Villarroel et al., 2001, p.81
  15. ^Soatá atFossilworks.org
  16. ^Villarroel et al., 1996, p.85
  17. ^Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  18. ^Pulido González, 1985, p.8
  19. ^Pulido González, 1985, p.9
  20. ^Reyes et al., 2007, p.36
  21. ^Pulido González, 1985, p.11
  22. ^abPlancha 135, 2009
  23. ^abPlancha 136, 1985
  24. ^Plancha 136, 1981, p.50
  25. ^Pulido González, 1985, p.16

Bibliography

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Maps

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