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Castoreum

For the fungus genus, seeCastoreum (fungus).Not to be confused withCastor oil.

Castoreum/kæsˈtɔːriəm/ is a yellowishexudate from the castor sacs of maturebeavers used in combination with urine toscent mark their territory.[1][2]

Castoreum

Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands, located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail.[3] The castor sacs are not true glands (endocrine orexocrine) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures aspreputial glands, castor glands, orscent glands are misnomers.[4]

It is extracted with alcohol from the dried and crushed castor sacs[5] for use as atincture in someperfumes[6] and, rarely, as afood additive.[7]

Chemical composition

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At least 24 compounds are known constituents of beaver castoreum. Several of these havepheromonal activity, of which thephenols4-ethylphenol andcatechol and theketonesacetophenone and3-hydroxyacetophenone are strongest. Five additional compounds elicit a weaker response:4-methylcatechol,4-methoxyacetophenone,5-methoxysalicylic acid,salicylaldehyde, and3-hydroxybenzoic acid.[8] There are also oxygen-containingmonoterpenes such as6-methyl-1-heptanol,4,6-dimethyl-1-heptanol,isopinocamphone,pinocamphone, and twolinalool oxides and theiracetates.[9] Other compounds are:benzoic acid,benzyl alcohol,borneol,o-cresol,4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone,hydroquinone, andphenol. All those compounds are gathered from plant food.[10] It also containsnupharamine alkaloids,[11]castoramine,[12] andcis-cyclohexane-1,2-diol.[13]

Uses

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In perfume

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North American beavers at the Smithsonian National Zoo, in Washington, D.C.

Inperfumery, the termcastoreum refers to the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor.[14] The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow.

Castoreum is largely used for itsnote suggesting leather, typically compounded with other ingredients, including top, middle, and base notes. Some classic perfumes incorporating castoreum are Emeraude,Chanel Antaeus, Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Givenchy III,Shalimar, and many "leather" themed compositions.[6]

In food

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In theUnited States, theFood and Drug Administration lists castoreum extract as agenerally recognized as safe (GRAS)food additive.[15] In 1965, theFlavor and Extract Manufacturers Association's GRAS program (FEMA 2261 and 2262) added castoreum extract and castoreum liquid.[16] The annual industry consumption is very low, around 100 kilograms (300 lb),[17] whereasvanillin is over 1.2×10^6 kg (2.6×10^6 lb) annually.[18]

Castoreum has been traditionally used inSweden for flavoring a variety ofschnapps commonly referred to asBäverhojt (lit. 'beaver shout').[19][20]

Other

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Castoreum was also considered as an ingredient for the flavor and odor ofcigarettes.[21]

Medievalbeekeepers used castoreum to increasehoney production.[10]

Related animal products

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  • Taxea, a secretion of thebadger's subcaudal glands comparable in its medicinal use to the better-known castoreum
  • Hyraceum, the petrified and rock-like excrement composed of urine and feces excreted by theCape hyrax (Procavia capensis), and a sought-after material that has been used in traditional South African medicine and perfumery

See also

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References

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  1. ^Walro, J.M. and Svendsen, G.E., "Castor sacs and anal glands of the North American beaver (Castor canadensis): their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication".Journal of Chemical Ecology, Volume 8, Number 5 / May 1982, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio University,
  2. ^Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1992). "Castoreum of beaver (Castor canadensis): function, chemistry and biological activity of its components".Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV, 457–464, Plenum Press.
  3. ^Johnston, Robert E.; Sorenson, Peter W.; and Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1999).Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Springer, 1, 282.ISBN 0-306-46114-5.
  4. ^Svendsen, G.E., Huntsman, W.D, "A field Assay of Beaver Castoreum and Some of its Components".American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 120, No. 1 (Jul. 1988), pp. 144–149, University of Notre Dame.JSTOR 2425894.
  5. ^"Does your vanilla ice cream have beaver goo in it?".Animals. 2023-11-15. Retrieved2024-04-30.
  6. ^abInternational Perfume Museum, Grasse, France, Website:"Welcome in the International Perfume Museum: Raw materials". Archived fromthe original on 2007-06-24. Retrieved2006-02-28.
  7. ^Burdock, G. A. (2007-01-01). "Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient".International Journal of Toxicology.26 (1):51–55.doi:10.1080/10915810601120145.ISSN 1091-5818.PMID 17365147.S2CID 39977652. 
  8. ^Pheromonal activity of single castoreum constituents in beaver, Castor canadensis., Müller-Schwarze, D and Houlihan, P.W.,Journal of Chemical Ecology, April 1991, Volume 17, Number 4, Springer Netherlands,doi:10.1007/BF00994195
  9. ^Neutral compounds from male castoreum of North American beaver,Castor canadensis. Rong Tang, Francis X. Webster, Dietland Müller-Schwarze,Journal of Chemical Ecology, November 1995, Volume 21, Issue 11, pages 1745–1762,doi:10.1007/BF02033674
  10. ^abThe Beaver: Its Life and Impact. Dietland Muller-Schwarze, 2003, page 43 (book at Google Books)
  11. ^Stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure nupharamine alkaloids from castoreum. Stoye A, Quandt G, Brunnhöfer B, Kapatsina E, Baron J, Fischer A, Weymann M and Kunz H, AngewChem Int Ed Engl., 2009, volume 48, issue 12, pages 2228–2230,doi:10.1002/anie.200805606
  12. ^Zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Inhaltsstoffe von Castoreum. B. Maurer and G. Ohloff,Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2 June 1976, Volume 59, Issue 4, pages 1169–1185,doi:10.1002/hlca.19760590420
  13. ^cis-Cyclohexane-1,2-diol in the beaver gland. Z. Valenta, A. Khaleque, M. H. Rashid,Experientia, 1961, Volume 17, Issue 3, page 130,doi:10.1007/BF02160827
  14. ^Hyraceum.com, "Castoreum, Perfumer's Ancient Intrigue,"http://www.hyraceum.comArchived February 7, 2013, at theWayback Machine
  15. ^Burdock GA (2007). "Safety assessment of castore um extract as a food ingredient".International Journal of Toxicology.26 (1):51–5.doi:10.1080/10915810601120145.PMID 17365147.S2CID 39977652. 
  16. ^Recent Progress In the Consideration Under of Flavoring Ingredients the Food Additives Amendment (1965)
  17. ^Burdock, George A.,Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredientsArchived 2021-01-09 at theWayback Machine. CRC Press, 2010. p. 273-5.
  18. ^Burdock, George A.,Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredientsArchived 2021-01-09 at theWayback Machine. CRC Press, 2010. p. 674.
  19. ^Baron Ambrosia (26 February 2015)."Tales from the Fringe: Beaver Gland Vodka". PunchDrink.com. Retrieved11 December 2015.
  20. ^"BVR HJT". Archived fromthe original on 2013-08-26. Retrieved2013-09-16.
  21. ^United States Patent Application US20140123991A1
    "Examples of the hydrophobic flavorant include ... castoreum"

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