Carlos Joseph Marcello^[1] (Sicilian Italian);[Mor-sel-lo] bornCalogero Minacore[kaˈlɔːdʒerominaˈkɔːre]; February 6, 1910 – March 3, 1993) was anItalian-Americancrime boss of theNew Orleans crime family from 1947 to 1983.

Carlos Marcello
Born	Calogero Minacore (1910-02-06)February 6, 1910 Tunis,French Tunisia
Died	March 3, 1993(1993-03-03) (aged 83) Metairie,Louisiana, U.S.
Resting place	Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Other names	The Godfather The Little Man
Citizenship	American
Occupation	Crime boss
Predecessor	Sylvestro Carolla
Successor	Joseph Marcello Jr.
Spouse	Jacqueline Todaro ​ (m. 1936)​
Children	4
Relatives	Frank Todaro (uncle by marriage), Anthony Marcello (brother), Vincent Macaluso (cousin), Peter Marcello (brother), Vincent Marcello (brother), Rose Marcello (sister), Pascal Marcello (brother), Mary Marcello (sister)
Allegiance	New Orleans crime family

Aside from his role in theAmerican Mafia, he is also notorious for the reason thatG. Robert Blakey and others have alleged that Carlos Marcello,Santo Trafficante Jr., andSam Giancana conspired in the1963 assassination ofU.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy in retaliation for federal investigations and prosecutions that threatened both the power and the multibillion-dollar profits oforganized crime.^[2][3]

Marcello was born on February 6, 1910, toSicilian immigrants Giuseppe and Luigia Minacore, inTunis,French Tunisia.^[4] With his family, Marcello immigrated to the United States in 1911 and settled in a decaying plantation house nearMetairie inJefferson Parish, asuburb ofNew Orleans. His father adopted a different family name to avoid confusion with his supervisor on the sugar plantation where he had started work. His overseer, also Minacore, chose the appellation Marcello.^[5] The family changed all their other names, and Calogero Minacore became Carlos Joseph Marcello. He had eight siblings: Peter, Rose, Mary, Pascal, Vincent, Joseph Jr., Anthony and Salvador Marcello.

Young Marcello turned topetty crime in theFrench Quarter. He was later imprisoned for masterminding a crew of teenagegangsters who carried outarmed robberies in the small towns surrounding New Orleans. At the time, local newspapers compared him to the character ofFagin fromCharles Dickens' novelOliver Twist. This conviction was later overturned. However, the following year he was convicted of assault and robbery and was sentenced to theLouisiana State Penitentiary inWest Feliciana Parish for nine years. He was released after five years.

In 1938, Marcello was arrested and charged with the sale of more than 10 kg (23 pounds) ofmarijuana. Despite receiving another lengthy prison sentence and a $76,830 fine, Marcello served less than ten months and only paid a $400 fine thanks to a deal cut with formerGovernor Huey Long.^{[citation needed]} On his release from prison, Marcello became associated withFrank Costello, the leader of theGenovese crime family, inNew York City. At the time, Costello was involved in transporting illegalslot machines from New York City to New Orleans. Marcello provided the muscle and arranged for the machines to be placed in local businesses.

By the end of 1947, Marcello had taken control of Louisiana'sillegal gambling network. He had also joined forces withGenovese crime family associateMeyer Lansky in order to skim money from some of the most importantcasinos in the New Orleans area shortly after becoming associated with the Todaro family through marriage. According to former members of theChicago Outfit, Marcello was also assigned a cut of the money skimmed fromLas Vegas casinos, in exchange for providing "muscle" inFlorida real estate deals. By this time, Marcello had been selected as "The Godfather" of the New Orleans Mafia, by the family'scapos and with the approval ofThe Commission after the deportation of his predecessor,Sylvestro Carolla, toSicily. He held this position for the next thirty years. In a 1975 extortion trial, two witnesses described Marcello as "The Godfather" of the New Orleans crime syndicate.^[6]

Marcello appeared before the U.S. Senate'sKefauver Committee on organized crime on January 25, 1951. He pleaded the Fifth Amendment 152 times. The Committee called Marcello "one of the worst criminals in the country".^[7]

Marcello continued the family's long-standing tradition of fierce independence from interference bymafiosi in other areas. He enacted a policy that forbade mafiosi from other families from visiting Louisiana without first asking permission.

On March 24, 1959, Marcello appeared before theUnited States Senate'sMcClellan Committee investigatingorganized crime. Serving as Chief Counsel to the committee wasRobert F. Kennedy; his brother,SenatorJohn F. Kennedy, was a member of the committee. In response to committee questioning, Marcello invoked theFifth Amendment and refused to answer any questions relating to his background, activities, and associates. From then on, Marcello became an avowed enemy of the Kennedys.^[2]

The New Orleans crime family frequently met atMosca's Italian restaurant in the New Orleanssuburb ofAvondale, in a building which Marcello had owned.^[8]

On April 4, 1961, the U.S. Justice Department, under the direction of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, apprehended Marcello as he made what he assumed was a routine visit to the immigration authorities in New Orleans, then deported him toGuatemala.^[9][10] Two months later, he was back in New Orleans. Thereafter, he successfully fought efforts by the government to deport him.^[11][12] His immigration lawyer was Jack Wasserman.

In November 1963, Marcello was tried for "conspiracy to defraud the United States government by obtaining a false Guatemalan birth certificate" and "conspiracy to obstruct the United States government in the exercise of its right to deport Carlos Marcello". He was acquitted later that month on both charges. However, in October 1964, Marcello was charged with "conspiring to obstruct justice by fixing a juror [Rudolph Heitler] and seeking the murder of a government witness [Carl Noll]". Marcello's attorney admitted Heitler had been bribed but said that there was no evidence to connect the bribe with Marcello. Noll refused to testify against Marcello in the case. Marcello was acquitted of both charges.^[13]

In September 1966, 13 members of the New York, Louisiana and Florida crime families were arrested for "consorting with known criminals" at theLa Stella Restaurant inQueens, New York. However, the charges were later dropped. Returning to New Orleans a few days later, Marcello was arrested for assaulting an FBI agent. His first trial resulted in a hung jury, but he was retried and convicted. He was sentenced to two years but served less than six months.^[14]

In 1981, Marcello,Aubrey W. Young (a former aide toGovernorJohn J. McKeithen),Charles E. Roemer, II (former commissioner of administration to GovernorEdwin Edwards), and two other men were indicted in theU.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans withconspiracy,racketeering, andmail andwire fraud in a scheme to bribe state officials to give the five men multimillion-dollarinsurance contracts.^[15] The charges were the result of aFederal Bureau of Investigation probe known asBriLab.^[16]U.S. District JudgeMorey Sear allowed the admission of secretly-recorded conversations that he said demonstratedcorruption at the highest levels of state government.^[17] Marcello and Roemer were convicted, but Young and the two others were acquitted.^[18]

In its 1978 investigation of theassassination of John F. Kennedy, theHouse Select Committee on Assassinations said that it recognizedJack Ruby's murder ofLee Harvey Oswald as a primary reason to suspect organized crime as possibly having involvement in the assassination.^[19] In its investigation, the HSCA noted the presence of "credible associations relating both Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby to figures having a relationship, albeit tenuous, with Marcello's crime family or organization".^[19] Their report stated: "The committee found that Marcello had the motive, means and opportunity to have President John F. Kennedy assassinated, though it was unable to establish direct evidence of Marcello's complicity".^[19]

In their book,Fatal Hour: The Assassination of President Kennedy By Organized Crime, authors Richard N. Billings andG. Robert Blakey (who was chief counsel of the House Select Committee on Assassinations and previously Special Attorney in the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice under Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy) conclude that President Kennedy's murder was planned and carried out by Marcello and conspirators. They claim that their book lays out evidence that has been corroborated by additional sources and official records released in subsequent years.^[3]

In his 1989 book,Mafia Kingfish: Carlos Marcello and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, authorJohn H. Davis implicates Marcello in the assassination of Kennedy.^[20] According to Davis, Oswald and Ruby had "strong ties" to Marcello.^[20][21]

In his 1994 autobiographyMob Lawyer, attorneyFrank Ragano says that he relayed a message in 1963 from Teamsters Union leaderJimmy Hoffa to Marcello andSanto Trafficante, the Mafia boss ofFlorida, urging the two Mafia bosses to kill Kennedy.^[22][23] Ragano later claimed that four days before Trafficante died, the mob boss described to Ragano how he and Marcello organized the murder of President Kennedy.^[2]

In his 2013 bookThe Hidden History of the JFK Assassination,Lamar Waldron claimed that Marcello masterminded the assassination of Kennedy.^[24] According to Waldron, Marcello admitted his involvement to two other inmates during a fit of rage in the prison yard at theFederal Correctional Institution in Texarkana, Texas.^[24] In his book, Waldron also presented the account of Marcello's prison cellmate, Jack Van Laningham, who claimed in 1985 that Marcello bragged to him that he had masterminded the Kennedy assassination, while planting red herrings to confuse the press and embarrass the FBI and CIA into suppressing evidence.^[2] According to Waldron, Marcello arranged for twohit men to carry out the assassination after entering the United States from Canada and Europe, while setting up Oswald as the fall guy and ordering the subsequent murder of various conspirators and witnesses who risked turning informants, including mobstersJohnny Roselli andSam Giancana.^[25]

According to criminal underworld investigator and authorCharles Brandt, "While in Texarkana Federal prison, during a two-day period in which Marcello was having blood pressure problems and was sent to the prison hospital, Marcello spoke to medical attendants as if they were members of his crime family. On three occasions he told them he had just met in New York with [Genovese capo Tony] 'Provenzano' and they would soon be celebrating, because they were 'going to get that smiling m.f. Kennedy in Dallas".^[26]

In 1936, Marcello married Jacqueline Todaro, the niece of senior New Orleans MafiosoFrank Todaro. They had four children, Louise Hampton, Joseph C. Marcello, Florence Black and Jacqueline Dugas.^[27]

Early in 1989, Marcello suffered a series ofstrokes. In July, in a surprise move, the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals threw out his BriLab conviction. One judge denied this reversal, but his decision in turn was overruled. In October, after having served six years and six months of his sentence, Marcello was released. Carlos Marcello died on March 2, 1993.^[12]

• InBryce Zabel's 2014 novelSurrounded by Enemies: A Breakpoint Novel, in an alternative universe where President Kennedy survived the assassination, but agentClint Hill and Texas GovernorJohn Connally were killed, President Kennedy talked to his brother Attorney GeneralRobert F. Kennedy, discussing suspects, including Marcello. Codenamed "New Orleans", Marcello was said to have motive and resources to carry out the attack.^{[citation needed]}
• Sal Marcano, the chief antagonist ofMafia III is loosely based on Carlos Marcello.
• He is mentioned two times inMartin Scorsese's crime filmThe Irishman, which starsRobert De Niro asFrank Sheeran, who says: "But Bobby also goes after Giancana, Marcello, Trafficante, and all the other guys who put his brother in the White House in the first place". During the Frank Sheeran Appreciation Night,Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno tells Russell Bufalino (referring to Jimmy Hoffa) "Because his guys are holding 'em back loans on Carlos's new hotel in New Orleans".
• He appears inCormac McCarthy's novelThe Passenger, observed in a New Orleans restaurant by protagonist Bobby Western and a detective Western has befriended.
• In Greg Iles' trilogy "Nachez Burning", Marcello is repeatedly referred to as the mastermind behind both JFK's assassination and a plan to also shoot Robert Kennedy when he became a presidential candidate in 1968.
• Marcello plays a significant role inJames Ellroy's novelAmerican Tabloid and its sequelThe Cold Six Thousand, alongside other mafiosi including Sam Giancana, Santo Trafficante, Johnny Roselli and Hershel Ryskind. In the former novel, we read a fictionalized version of Marcello's deportation to Guatemala. More broadly, the novels cover fictionalised accounts of the Bay of Pigs, the election and assassination of J.F. Kennedy, and the assassinations of R.F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King. In Elloy's fiction, these have substantial mafia involvement.

• Italians in New Orleans

• Jones, Thom L. (April 7, 2019)."Out of Africa: The Story of New Orleans Mafia boss Carlos Marcello".Gangsters Inc. RetrievedMarch 9, 2020.
• Ridgeway, William (August 3, 2008)."Carlos Marcello".Organized crime figure.Find a Grave. RetrievedMarch 9, 2020.
• May, Allan (December 20, 1999)."Sylvestro Carolla Will the Real "Silver Dollar Sam" Please Stand Up".Rick Porrello's American Mafia.com. RetrievedMarch 9, 2020.