DomCarlos I^[1] (Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão; 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908), known as "the Diplomat" (o Diplomata), "the Oceanographer" (o Oceanógrafo),^[2] among many other names, wasKing of Portugal from 1889 until hisassassination in 1908. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death sinceKing Sebastian in 1578.

Carlos I
Portrait,c. 1907 or before
King of Portugal
Reign	19 October 1889 – 1 February 1908
Acclamation	28 December 1889
Predecessor	Luís I
Successor	Manuel II
Prime Ministers	See list José Luciano de Castro António Serpa João Crisóstomo José Dias Ferreira Hintze Ribeiro João Franco
Born	28 September 1863 Ajuda Palace,Lisbon, Portugal
Died	1 February 1908 (aged 44) Terreiro do Paço, Lisbon, Portugal
Burial	Pantheon of the Braganzas
Spouse	Amélie of Orléans ​ (m. 1886)​
Issue Detail	Luís Filipe, Prince Royal Infanta Maria Ana Manuel II of Portugal
Names Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão
House	Braganza (official) Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry(agnatic) [a]
Father	Luís I
Mother	Maria Pia of Savoy
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Carlos was born inLisbon,Portugal, the son ofKing Luís andQueen Maria Pia, daughter of KingVictor Emmanuel II of Italy, and was a member of theHouse of Braganza.^[a] He had a brother,Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto. He was baptised with the namesCarlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão.^[3][4]

He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883, he traveled to Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888, he ruled as Regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His fatherLuis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus.^{[citation needed]}

His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of German EmperorFrederick III, but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem, and diplomatic pressure from theBritish government prevented the marriage. He then met and marriedPrincess Amélie of Orléans, eldest daughter ofPhilippe, comte de Paris, pretender to the throne of France.^[5]

Carlos became king on 19 October 1889. After the1890 British Ultimatum, a series of treaties were signed with theUnited Kingdom. One signed in August 1890 defined colonial borders in Africa along theZambezi andCongo rivers, whereas another signed on 14 October 1899 confirmed colonial treaties dating back to the 17th century. These treaties stabilised the political balance in Africa, ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on thePink Map, a geographical conception of how Portuguese colonies would appear on a map if the territory between the coastal colonies ofAngola andMozambique could be connected with territory in central Africa. These central African territories became part of theBritish Empire with the Portuguese concession becoming a source of national resentment in the country.^{[citation needed]}

Domestically, Portugal declaredbankruptcy twice – on 14 June 1892, then again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointingJoão Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.^[5]

As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth ofPrince Henry the Navigator in 1894. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poetJoão de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon.^{[citation needed]}

Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration and usedseveral yachts namedAmélia on his oceanographical voyages. He published an account of his own studies in this area.^[5]

On 1 February 1908, the royal family was returning toLisbon from theDucal Palace of Vila Viçosa inAlentejo, where they had spent part of the hunting season during the winter. The royal party traveled by train toBarreiro, from there taking a steamer to cross theTagus River and disembarking atCais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage containing Carlos I and his family passed through theTerreiro do Paço fronting on the river. In spite of recent political unrest there was no military escort, except for a single mounted officer^[6]riding by the carriage.^[7] While the carriage was crossing the square at dusk, shots were fired from amongst the sparse crowd by two republican activists,Alfredo Luís da Costa andManuel Buíça.^[8]

Buíça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heirLuís Filipe was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The queen escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police, and an innocent bystander, João da Costa, was also shot dead in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, Prince Luís Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son,Prince Manuel, was proclaimed king of Portugal. He was the last of theBraganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the final king of Portugal.^[9]

Carlos I was married toPrincess Amélie of Orléans on 22 May 1886. She was the daughter ofPhilippe, Count of Paris, andPrincess Marie Isabelle of Orléans. They had three children:

• Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (21 March 1887 – 1 February 1908)
• Infanta Maria Ana of Braganza (b/d 14 December 1887)
• Manuel II, King of Portugal between 1908 and 1910 (15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932)

Allegedly, Carlos I had several extramarital relationships, from which some bastards were born. He may have had a daughter from an American.^[10] By Grimaneza Viana de Lima, a Peruvian widow of a Brazilian diplomat, he possibly had a daughter called Maria Pia, born before 1902. Grimaneza was his last great passion.^[11] Allegedly, he also had, from the Brazilian Maria Amélia Laredó e Murça, another bastard daughter, born in 1907 and also calledMaria Pia.^[12][13][14] During his life, Carlos I never officially recognized the paternity of any bastard child, despite the fact that he himself was responsible for fueling suspicions about his illegitimate offspring.^[15]

Portuguese^[16]

• Grand Commander of the Three Military Orders ofChrist,Aviz andSt. James
• Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
• Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa

Foreign^[16]

• Jean Pailler:D. Carlos I – Rei de Portugal: Destino Maldito de um Rei Sacrificado. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2001,ISBN 978-972-25-1231-2
• Jean Pailler:Maria Pia: A Mulher que Queria Ser Rainha de Portugal. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2006,ISBN 972-25-1467-9
• Manuel Amaral:Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico, Volume II, 1904–1915, págs. 759
• Rui Ramos:D. Carlos, Temas e Debates, Lisbon, 2007.
• New York Times: 2 February 1908 Issuehttps://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/02/02/issue.html