Captain general (and its literal equivalent in several languages) is a highmilitary rank ofgeneral officer grade, and agubernatorial title.

The termcaptain general started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning ofcommander-in-chief of an army (or fleet) in the field, probably the first usage of the termgeneral in military settings. A popular term in the 16th and 17th centuries, but with various meanings depending on the country, it became less and less used in the 18th century, usually replaced with, simply,general orfield marshal; and after the end of theNapoleonic Wars it had all but disappeared in most European countries, except Spain and former colonies. See alsoFeldhauptmann ("field captain"). Other ranks of general officer, as distinct fromfield officer, had the suffix "general"; e.g.major general,lieutenant general,brigadier general,colonel general.

In theRepublic of Venice, it meant the commander-in-chief in war time. The captain general of the land forces was usually a foreign mercenary orcondottiere, but theVenetian navy was always entrusted to a member of the city's patriciate, who becameCaptain General of the Sea. It is at least documented since 1370 and was used up to thefall of the Republic of Venice in 1797.

From 30 June to 22 October 1513,Catherine of Aragon held the titles Governor of the Realm and Captain General of the King's Forces asQueen Regent ofEngland,^{[1][failed verification][2]} winning theBattle of Flodden against a Scottish invasion whileHenry VIII was in France fighting theBattle of the Spurs.

In the mid-17th century, with the first establishment in England of something akin to astanding army, the title Captain General was used (either alongside or in place of that ofCommander-in-Chief of the Forces) to signify its commanding officer. In 1645Thomas Fairfax was appointed "Captain General and Commander-in-Chief all the armies and forces raised and to be raised within the Commonwealth of England."^[3] After theRestoration, King Charles II likewise designatedGeneral Monck "Captaine Generall of all our Armies and land forces and men … in and out of our Realmes of England, Scotland and Ireland and Dominion of Wales"; (he was also referred to on occasion as "Lord Generall" and "Commander in Chief of all His Majesty's Forces").^[4] The office then remainedin abeyance until 1678 when it was granted to theDuke of Monmouth, but he was deprived of this and other titles the following year.^[4] There were no subsequent appointments until the reign ofQueen Anne.

In the 18th century, the office of Captain General was held by theDuke of Marlborough (1702 to 1711), theDuke of Ormonde (1711 to 1714) and the Duke of Marlborough again (1714 to 1722). Thereafter there was no permanent Commander-in-Chief or equivalent appointed until 1744; the following year the office of Captain General was vested inPrince William, Duke of Cumberland. Cumberland resigned in 1757; his successors in command were for the most part appointed Commander-in-Chief but not Captain General, with one exception: the last appointment of a Captain General of the Forces was that ofPrince Frederick, the Duke of York in 1799.^[4]

Any distinction that there may have been at this time between the office of "Captain General" and "Commander-in-Chief" is unclear. One difference is that the Commander-in-Chief was appointed bycommission and the Captain General bypatent, leading some to surmise that the appointment of Captain General was 'one of dignity, not of power';^[4] however the matter is somewhat academic as most Captains General held the appointment of Commander-in-Chief simultaneously (and from 1757 the appointment of Commanders-in-Chief was itself done by patent).

Since the 17th century the title Captain General has been in use in England for the titular head of theHonourable Artillery Company^[5] and in Scotland for the senior officer of theRoyal Company of Archers.^[6]

In 1947 the position of Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Marines was changed by its incumbent, KingGeorge VI, to that ofCaptain General Royal Marines; likewise, the position of Colonel-in-Chief of theRoyal Regiment of Artillery was changed by its incumbent, George VI, to Captain General.

The formal head of the Combined Cadet Force is also titled Captain General.

From 1787 (the year before the arrival in Australia of theFirst Fleet) to 1837, theGovernor of New South Wales was referred to as Captain-General.^[7]

In Prussia aGeneralkapitän was the commander of thecastle guard andlifeguards.

In the ThirteenUnited Colonies and, later, the United States of America, during theAmerican Revolutionary War,George Washington was the "Captain-General and Commander in Chief of the Forces."^[8][9] George Washington is the only general in the United States to be referred to as "Captain-General" of the armed forces.

In Connecticut, the state Constitution of 1965 states that the Governor is also the Captain General of theConnecticut State Militia.

In Rhode Island, the Governor holds two different military titles. According to Article IX, section 3 of the Rhode Island Constitution, the Governor holds the titles of "captain-general" and "Commander-in-Chief".^[10]

The 1786 Constitution of Vermont, which became effective whenVermont was an independent country and continued in effect for two years after Vermont'sadmission to the Union in 1791, says "The Governor shall be captain-general and commander-in-chief of the forces of the State, but shall not command in person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then only as long as they shall approve thereof."^[11] The language remained in the 1793 Constitution of Vermont.

Maurice of Nassau was appointed to the office of "Captain General of the Union" (commander-in-chief of theDutch States Army) and "Admiral General" of theDutch Republic in 1587. This was a "confederal" office, under theStates General of the Netherlands. He was alsostadtholder of five of the seven provinces, which was aprovincial appointive office, under the sovereign States of the several provinces. Maurice's nephewWilliam Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg was concurrently also a stadtholder (in two provinces) but he held a normal commission in the States Army. The office was not hereditary, but after 1747 only members of theHouse of Orange-Nassau could beappointed to it.

By the late 15th century, the title Captain General, besides being the usual meaning of commander-in-chief in the field, was also linked to the highest commander of specialized military branches (artillery, royal guards, etc.), usually signaling the independence of that particular corps.

No later than the fall ofGranada (1492) the title was conferred also on officers with full jurisdiction of every person subject tofuero militar (military obligations) in a region. Those officers usually also acted as commanders for the troops and military establishments in their area and, as time passed, those duties (and the title) were mostly united in the highest civilian authority of the area. During the period of Spanish rule in much ofLatin America there were severalCaptaincies of the Spanish Empire. The military post ofcaptain general as highest territorial commander lasted in Spain until the early 1980s.

In the late 17th or very early 18th century, a personal rank ofcaptain general was created in theSpanish Army (and Navy) as the highest rank in the hierarchy, not unlike theMarechal de France. When wearing uniform, the kings used captain general insignia.Valeriano Weyler,Governor General ofCuba in 1896–97 during the period preceding theSpanish–American War, held the rank. Briefly abolished by theSecond Spanish Republic, it was restored during the regime ofFrancisco Franco in 1938; Franco himself was the only officer of this rank.^[12] Later KingJuan Carlos I (1975),Agustín Muñoz Grandes (1956) andCamilo Alonso Vega (1972) were promoted while on active duty; a few posthumous promotions and promotions of retired officers to this rank were also made. In 1999, the rank was reserved to the reigningmonarch.

The evolution of the title in theSpanish Navy is parallel to that of the army. During the 16th and 17th century the two main naval captain general posts wereCapitán-General de la Armada del Mar Océano andCapitán-General de Galeras, roughlyCommander-in-Chief for the Atlantic and the Mediterranean respectively.

A peculiar usage of the rank arose in the Spanish Navy of the 16th century. Acapitán-general was appointed by the king as the leader of a fleet (although the term 'squadron' is more appropriate, as most galleon fleets rarely consisted of more than a dozen vessels, not counting escorted merchantmen), with full jurisdictional powers. The fleetsecond-in-command was the 'almirante' (admiral), an officer appointed by the capitan-general and responsible for the seaworthiness of the squadron.^[13] One captain-general that sailed under the Spanish flag that is now well known wasFerdinand Magellan, leader of the first fleet to sail around the world.

Under the Nationalist regime of 1939–1975, the only holder of the rank ofcapitán general de la armada was theCaudillo,GeneralísimoFrancisco Franco.^[12]

The rank of Captain General of theAir Force, originally created by Franco for himself, currently is reserved for the reigning monarch.^[12]

The title was given, in 1508, to the commander-in-chief of theOrdenanças (the territorial army of the crown).

During thePortuguese Restoration War, after 1640, the "Captain-General of the Arms of the Kingdom", became the commander-in-chief of thePortuguese Army, under the direct authority of the War Council and the King. In 1762 the post of the captain-general was replaced by the titlemarechal-general –fieldmarshall-general.

Like in the Army, theCapitão-General da Armada Real (Captain-General of the Royal Navy) was the commander-in-chief of thePortuguese Navy in the 17th and 18th centuries.

The title has been only sporadically used in France. During the 17th century, and for a short while, a rank betweenLieutenant General andMarshal of France of this denomination was created. The king of France was the CaptainGeneral of the Army, but was represented in the field by lieutenant generals who commanded in his absence.

In the formerKingdom of Bavaria, thegeneralkapitän was the leader of the royalHartschier guard. The position was associated with the highest class ranking in theHofrangordnung (court order of precedence).^[14]

During the time of thePapal States the title ofCaptain General of the Church was given to the de facto commander-in-chief of the Papal Army. It existed parallel to the office ofGonfalonier of the Church, which was a more ceremonial position than a tactical military command position. Both offices were abolished byPope Innocent XII and replaced with the office ofFlag-bearer of the Holy Roman Church.

The term "Captain General" asHetman (the word from the GermanHauptmann "Capitan") is a political title from Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders. It was the title of the second-highest military commander (after the monarch) in 15th- to 18th and 20th-century.

The rank Captain General (Thai:นายกองใหญ่) was used as the highest rank inWild Tiger Corps, this rank was exclusively for KingVajiravudh but in 1915 he created rank General of the Wild Tiger Corps (Thai:นายพลเสือป่า) for members who are leaders of corps. The rank was equivalent to brigadier.

InBolivia, thePresident of Bolivia for the duration of his or her tenure in the office has the rank and dignity of Captain General as head of the Armed forces, despite being a civilian. He or she is responsible for the overall command of the forces.

In the armies of variousCommonwealth realms, the termCaptain General (Captain-General in Canada) is generally used when describing the ceremonial head of a corps or unit.Charles III serves as the Captain General of several artillery units in these realms, including the BritishRoyal Artillery and theHonourable Artillery Company,^[15][16] theRoyal Australian Artillery,^[17] theRoyal Regiment of Canadian Artillery,^[18] and theRoyal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery.^[17] In addition to artillery units, Charles III also serves as the Captain General for the BritishRoyal Marines.^[19]

One other appointment of Captain General is in theRoyal Company of Archers (The King's Body Guard for Scotland), a position currently held by the Duke of Buccleuch.

If the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and the Head of State are reunited in the same person, they are promoted to the permanent military rank ofCaptain General (Spanish:capitán general). It has only happened three times in Chile's history (Bernardo O'Higgins,Ramón Freire andAugusto Pinochet). Current electoral provisions (as of 2008) forbid the Commander-in-Chief becoming president.

In Spain, the title Captain General (capitán general) is the highest military rank, and has since 1999 been exclusively borne by theSpanish monarch (currentlyFelipe VI).

The term "captain general" can also be used to translate Spanishcapitán general or Portuguesecapitão-general, administrative titles used in theSpanish Empire and thePortuguese Empire, especially in theAmericas. Each was in charge of acaptaincy.

Capitán General was the military title given to theSpanish military governor of a province of theSpanish Empire, in the colonies usually also the president of the civilianaudiencia (court of law).

In the Portuguese Empire, acapitão-general (pluralcapitães-generais) was a governor of acapitania geral (captaincy general), with a higher rank than acapitão-mor (captain-major) and directly subordinated to the Crown. A captaincy general had a higher category than the simplecaptaincies (also referred as subaltern captaincies). Sometimes, a captaincy general included one or more subaltern captaincies. The governors of the captaincies general were usually styled "governor and captain-general", with the term "governor" referring to his administrative role and the term "captain-general" referring to his military role as commander-in-chief of the troops in his captaincy.

The titlecapitão-general was also associated to the roles of Governor-General or Viceroy ofPortuguese India and ofBrazil. Thus, in Brazil, besides the captains-generals that were governors of theseveral captaincies general, existed a central captain-general that was the governor-general or Viceroy.

InJ. R. R. Tolkien'sThe Lord of the Rings,Boromir is described as "Captain-General" of the armies ofGondor.^[20][21]

In theWheel of Time series byRobert Jordan, "captain-general" is the highest rank of the Ever Victorious Army ofSeanchan, excepting only the rank ofmarshal-general, which may be temporarily assigned to a captain-general given the command of atheatre of war. In addition, captain-general is also the title of both the leader of the Queen's Guard of Andor and the head of the GreenAjah of theAes Sedai.

In theBattleTech universe, Captain-General is the title of the military and political leader of the Free Worlds League, one of the major factions in the setting. Since the 25th century, Captains-General have been members of the Marik family in a quasi-hereditary succession. Previously, the post had been an appointed post roughly analogous to the real world position ofRoman Dictator, who held power only for also long as a crisis demanding a Captain-General persisted. During the First Succession War, Resolution 288 was passed making the post permanent "for the duration of the crisis", with no end point delineated.

InAssassin's Creed: Brotherhood,Cesare Borgia is depicted in the office ofCaptain General of the Papal Army, a position he did in fact hold along withGonfalonier of the Church.

In theRing of Fire universe (created byEric Flint), Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden, is granted the newly created hereditary title of "Captain General of the State of Thuringia" (later known as the State of Thuringia-Franconia) at the end of the first book, entitled '1632'. This was a recognition of his authority over Thuringian territory as an integral part of the "Confederated Principalities of Europe", a Protestant substitute for the Holy Roman Empire which he created, while allowing the Thuringian government to continue to claim that it was a republic and not a monarchy.

In theWarhammer 40,000 universe, the title Captain-General of the Adeptus Custodes is given to the head of the Adeptus Custodes, the elite 10,000genetically engineered supersoldiers who acted as the God-Emperor of Mankind's elite bodyguard, joining him in battle during the Great Crusade and Horus Heresy. During the Horus Heresy, the Captain-General was Constantin Valdor, called the "Emperor's Spear". In the aftermath, the Captain-General was granted a position as aHigh Lord of Terra and ultimate authority over who could approach the Golden Throne, where the Emperor was interred after his battle with the Warmaster Horus.

• Colonel-in-Chief
• Captain-major
• Captaincy, an administrative division in the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires, governed by a captain general
• Five-star rank
• General, a description of the various general officer ranks, including the full general which is the successor to captain general
• General Captaincy
• Generalissimo
• List of senior officers of the British Army
• Queen Elizabeth II's honorary military positions