Acall to prayer is a summons for participants of a faith to attend a group worship or to begin a required set of prayers. The call is one of theearliest forms of telecommunication, communicating to people across great distances. All religions have a form of prayer, and many major religions have a form of the call to prayer.[1]
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On a daily basis, church bells are rung in major Christian denominations at thecanonical hours prayed at fixed prayer times, as well as at the start of achurch service.[2][3]
In the earlyChurch, different methods were used to call theworshippers: playingtrumpets, hitting wooden planks, shouting, or using acourier.[4] Greek monasteries would ring asemantron (flat metal plate) to announce services.[5]
Paulinus of Nola, an earlychurch father, is traditionally credited with the introduction of the use ofbell in devotions.[6] The steeple bells were known ascampanas.[7] However, the invention credited to Paulinus was probably the work ofNicetas of Remesiana, and most likely used in the churches used by theBessi in the highlands ofWestern Thrace.[8] In AD 604,Pope Sabinian introduced the ringing of bells at thecanonical hours and the celebration of theEucharist.[3] Their use spread rapidly as the bells were not only useful signaling the call to worship, but could be used in times of danger.[9]
The Romantintinnabuli were made fromforged metal and were not large in size.[10] By the end of the7th century, larger bells originating fromCampania andNola werecast. The bells consequently took the eponymous names ofcampana andnola from cities.[4] By theearly Middle Ages, church bells became common throughout the rest of Europe, and were most likely spread by the Irish missionaries and theirCeltic influence.[5]
The Adhan (Arabic:أَذَان[ʔaˈðaːn]) is theIslamic call toprayer.[11] It has different names in different languages. It is recited by amuezzin atdefined times of the day. The call is recited loudly from themosque five times a day on most days and all day long during the religious holidays ofEid al-Fitr andEid al-Adha, traditionally from theminaret. It is the first call summoningMuslims to enter the mosque for obligatory (fard) prayer (salah).[12] A second call, known as theiqamah summons those within the mosque to line up for the beginning of the prayers. The main purpose behind the multiple loud pronouncements ofadhan in every mosque is to make available to everyone an easily intelligible summary of Islamic belief.[12] After the call is made, Muslims are gathered to go to pray.
InIndian Hinduism,Nepali Hinduism andBalinese Hinduism, theTrisandya is a prayer said three times each day: six in the morning, noon, and six in the evening, in line with theSandhyavandanam tradition.[13][14]
ThePuja Tri Sandhya is the call to prayer.[15]
TheBarechu (Hebrew:ברכו, alsoBorchu,Barekhu orBar'chu) is the beginning of theJewish prayer service. It serves as a call to prayer, and is recited before the blessings over the morning and eveningJewish prayer services (theShema,Shacharit andMaariv), and before eachaliyah in theTorah reading.[16]
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