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cal (command)

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Shell command for printing a calendar

cal
The`cal` command as shown in aLinux zsh session inArch Linux
Developer	Charles Dye
Initial release	November 3, 1971; 54 years ago (1971-11-03)
Written in	Plan 9:C FreeDOS:x86 assembly language
Operating system	Unix,Unix-like,Plan 9,Inferno,MSX-DOS,FreeDOS
Platform	Cross-platform
Type	Command
License	util-linux:BSD-4-Clause FreeDOS:Freeware /Source-available software Plan 9:MIT License

cal is ashell command that prints acalendar asASCII text for one or moremonths. With nocommand-line options, it prints a calendar for the current month.

It is specified in theSingle UNIX Specification and available on variousoperating systems includingUnix,Plan 9,Inferno andUnix-like systems such asLinux. It was present in1st Edition Unix. Acal command is also part ofASCII'sMSX-DOS2 Tools forMSX-DOS version 2.^[1] It is also available forFreeDOS (developed by Charles Dye) in which it supports the Gregorian calendar (new style) and may be distributed freely, with or without source.^[2]

Examples

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The following prints the current month calendar which in this case happens to be Feb. 2024.

$cal    February 2024 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa              1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

The following prints a calendar for the previous, current and next month.

$cal-3     June 2022             July 2022            August 2022Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa          1  2  3  4                  1  2      1  2  3  4  5  6 5  6  7  8  9 10 11   3  4  5  6  7  8  9   7  8  9 10 11 12 1312 13 14 15 16 17 18  10 11 12 13 14 15 16  14 15 16 17 18 19 2019 20 21 22 23 24 25  17 18 19 20 21 22 23  21 22 23 24 25 26 2726 27 28 29 30        24 25 26 27 28 29 30  28 29 30 31

The following prints a calendar for each month of 2023.

$cal2023                            2023      January               February               MarchSu Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1  2  3  4  5  6  7            1  2  3  4            1  2  3  4 8  9 10 11 12 13 14   5  6  7  8  9 10 11   5  6  7  8  9 10 1115 16 17 18 19 20 21  12 13 14 15 16 17 18  12 13 14 15 16 17 1822 23 24 25 26 27 28  19 20 21 22 23 24 25  19 20 21 22 23 24 2529 30 31              26 27 28              26 27 28 29 30 31       April                  May                   JuneSu Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa                   1      1  2  3  4  5  6               1  2  3 2  3  4  5  6  7  8   7  8  9 10 11 12 13   4  5  6  7  8  9 10 9 10 11 12 13 14 15  14 15 16 17 18 19 20  11 12 13 14 15 16 1716 17 18 19 20 21 22  21 22 23 24 25 26 27  18 19 20 21 22 23 2423 24 25 26 27 28 29  28 29 30 31           25 26 27 28 29 3030        July                 August              SeptemberSu Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa                   1         1  2  3  4  5                  1  2 2  3  4  5  6  7  8   6  7  8  9 10 11 12   3  4  5  6  7  8  9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15  13 14 15 16 17 18 19  10 11 12 13 14 15 1616 17 18 19 20 21 22  20 21 22 23 24 25 26  17 18 19 20 21 22 2323 24 25 26 27 28 29  27 28 29 30 31        24 25 26 27 28 29 3030 31      October               November              DecemberSu Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1  2  3  4  5  6  7            1  2  3  4                  1  2 8  9 10 11 12 13 14   5  6  7  8  9 10 11   3  4  5  6  7  8  915 16 17 18 19 20 21  12 13 14 15 16 17 18  10 11 12 13 14 15 1622 23 24 25 26 27 28  19 20 21 22 23 24 25  17 18 19 20 21 22 2329 30 31              26 27 28 29 30        24 25 26 27 28 29 30                                            31

The following prints a calendar for the June 2023. A month is specified by its number (1-12) in the year.

$cal62023      June 2023Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa             1  2  3 4  5  6  7  8  9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30

Quirks (1752)

[edit]

Further information:Calendar (New Style) Act 1750

$cal91752  September 1752 S  M Tu  W Th  F  S       1  2 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30

TheGregorian calendar reform was adopted by theKingdom of Great Britain, includingits possessions in North America (later to become eastern USA and Canada), in September 1752. As a result, the September 1752 cal shows the adjusted days missing. This month was the official (British) adoption of the Gregorian calendar from the previously usedJulian calendar. This has been documented in the man pages for Sun Solaris as follows. "An unusual calendar is printed for September 1752. That is the month when 11 days were skipped to make up for lack of leap year adjustments."^[3] ThePlan 9 from Bell Labs manual states: "Trycal sep 1752." Date of adoption of the reformdiffers widely between countries so, for some users, this feature may be a bug. Special handling of 1752 is known to have appeared as early as the first edition of theUnix Programmer's Manual in 1971.^[4]

References

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^"MSX-DOS2 Tools User's Manual - MSX-DOS2 TOOLS ユーザーズマニュアル". April 1, 1993 – via Internet Archive.
^"ibiblio.org FreeDOS Package -- cal (Unix-like)".www.ibiblio.org.Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved2020-01-27.
^"Synopsis - man pages section 1: User Commands".docs.oracle.com.Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved2016-06-23.
^Thompson, K.; Ritchie, D. M. (1971).Unix Programmer's Manual (First ed.). Bell Telephone Laboratories. pp. cal (VI).Archived from the original on 2023-02-05. Retrieved2023-04-09.

cal: print a calendar – Shell and Utilities Reference,The Single UNIX Specification, Version 5 fromThe Open Group

Sources

[edit]

Ray, Deborah S.; Ray, Eric J. (2010)."Calendaring with cal". In Gulick, Rebecca (ed.).Unix and Linux: Visual QuickStart Guide. Book Publishers. pp. 276–278.ISBN 9780132104470.

External links

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The WikibookGuide to Unix has a page on the topic of:Commands

cal(1) – Plan 9 Programmer's Manual, Volume 1
cal(1) – Inferno General commandsManual
cal(1) – Linux User CommandsManual
cal(1) – FreeBSD General CommandsManual
cal(1) – NetBSD General CommandsManual
cal(1) – OpenBSD General CommandsManual
Source of explanation of cal 9 1752 phenomena (humor)

v t e Unix command-line interface programs andshell builtins
File system	cat chattr chmod chown chgrp cksum cmp cp dd du df file fuser ln ls mkdir mv pax pwd rm rmdir split tee touch type umask
Processes	at bg crontab fg kill nice ps time
User environment	env exit logname mesg talk tput uname who write
Text processing	awk basename comm csplit cut diff dirname ed ex fold head iconv join m4 more nl paste patch printf read sed sort strings tail tr troff uniq vi wc xargs
Shell builtins	alias cd echo test unset wait
Searching	find grep
Documentation	man
Software development	ar ctags lex make nm strip yacc
Miscellaneous	bc cal expr lp od sleep true and false
Categories Standard Unix programs Unix SUS2008 utilities List

v t e Plan 9 command-line interface programs andshell builtins
File system	chmod chgrp cmp cp dd du file gzip ls mkdir pwd rm split tee touch
Processes	kill ps
User environment	passwd who
Text processing	awk basename comm diff ed eqn join sed sort spell strings tail tr troff uniq wc
Shell builtins	echo test
Networking	ip/ipconfig ip/ping netstat
Searching	grep
Software development	ar hoc lex nm strip yacc
Miscellaneous	bc cal fortune sleep
Category

v t e Digital calendars
Standards	iCalendar CalDAV DAViCal Web Calendar Access Protocol Webcal Related standards: SyncML vCard WebDav
Active development	30 Boxes Any.do Artist Growth Cal (command) Calendar (Apple) Calendar (Windows) Cozi Central DAViCal Hiri EM Client EProductivity Evolution GNOME Calendar Google Calendar Holiline Reminder Ical (Unix) Kontact Lanyrd Mail (Windows) Meeting Maker Microsoft Outlook Web Outlook.com Lightning Sunbird Rainlendar Remember the Milk SabreDAV Sun Java System Calendar Server Oracle Communications Unified Communications Suite Upcoming Yahoo! Calendar Windows Live Mail wmCalClock
Discontinued	Chandler Ecco Pro HotJava Views Microsoft Entourage MobileMe Mozilla Calendar Project Now Up-to-Date Plan Sunrise Calendar Tempo Windows Mobile Device Center

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Examples

Quirks (1752)

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References

Sources

External links