Abotanical name is a formalscientific name conforming to theInternational Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and, if it concerns a plantcultigen, the additionalcultivar orGroup epithets must conform to theInternational Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). The code of nomenclature covers "all organisms traditionally treated as algae,fungi, or plants, whether fossil or non-fossil, including blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria),chytrids,oomycetes,slime moulds andphotosyntheticprotists with their taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups (but excludingMicrosporidia)."^[1]

The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name that is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical nameBellis perennis denotes a plant species which is native to most of the countries ofEurope and theMiddle East, where it has accumulated various names in many languages. Later, the plant was introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with more languages. English names for this plant species include: daisy,^[2] English daisy,^[3] and lawn daisy.^[4] The cultivarBellis perennis 'Aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species.

The botanical name itself is fixed by atype, which is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon.^{[citation needed]}

The usefulness of botanical names is limited by the fact that taxonomic groups are not fixed in size; a taxon may have a varyingcircumscription, depending on thetaxonomic system, thus, the group that a particular botanical name refers to can be quite small according to some people and quite big according to others. For example, the traditional view of the familyMalvaceae has been expanded in some modern approaches to include what were formerly considered to be several closely related families. Some botanical names refer to groups that are very stable (for exampleEquisetaceae,Magnoliaceae) while for other names a careful check is needed to see which circumscription is being used (for exampleFabaceae,Amygdaloideae,Taraxacum officinale).^{[citation needed]}

Depending onrank, botanical names may be in one part (genus and above), two parts (various situations below the rank of genus) orthree parts (below the rank of species). The names of cultivated plants are not necessarily similar to the botanical names, since they may instead involve "unambiguous common names" of species or genera. Cultivated plant names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts:^{[citation needed]}

in one part

Plantae (the plants)

Marchantiophyta (the liverworts)

Magnoliopsida (class including the familyMagnoliaceae)

Liliidae (subclass including the familyLiliaceae)

Pinophyta (theconifers)

Fagaceae (thebeech family)

Betula (thebirch genus)

in two parts

Acacia subg.Phyllodineae (the wattles)

lchemilla subsect.Heliodrosium

Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry) a species name, i.e., acombination consisting of a genus name and one epithet

Syringa 'Charisma' – a cultivar within a genus

Hydrangea Lacecap Group – a genus name and Group epithet

Lilium Darkest Red Group – a genus name and Group epithet

Paphiopedilum Greenteaicecreamandraspberries grex

snowdrop 'John Gray' – an unambiguous common name for the genusGalanthus and a cultivar epithet

in three parts

Calystegia sepium subsp.americana (American hedge bindweed), a combination consisting of a genus name and two epithets

Crataegus azarolus var.pontica (a Mediterranean hawthorn)

Bellis perennis 'Aucubifolia' – a cultivar

Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group – a species name and Group epithet

in four parts

Scilla hispanica var.campanulata 'Rose Queen' – a cultivar within a botanical variety

apart from cultivars, the name of a plant can never have more than three parts.

A botanical name in three parts, i.e., aninfraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In theCalystegia example above, this is "subsp.", an abbreviation forsubspecies. In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in zoology). A name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in theAcacia example above, this is "subg.", an abbreviation forsubgenus). The connecting term is not part of the name itself.^{[citation needed]}

A taxon may be indicated by a listing in more than three parts: "Saxifraga aizoon var.aizoon subvar.brevifolia f.multicaulis subf.surculosa Engl. & Irmsch." but this is a classification, not a formal botanical name. The botanical name isSaxifraga aizoon subf.surculosa Engl. & Irmsch. (ICN Art 24: Ex 1).

Generic, specific, and infraspecific botanical names are usually printed initalics. The example set by theICN is to italicize all botanical names, including those above genus, though theICN preface states: "TheCode sets no binding standard in this respect, as typography is a matter of editorial style and tradition not of nomenclature". Most peer-reviewed scientific botanical publications do not italicize names above the rank of genus, and non-botanical scientific publications do not, which is in keeping with two of the three other kinds ofscientific name:zoological andbacterial (viral names above genus are italicized, a new policy adopted in the early 1990s).^{[citation needed]}

For botanical nomenclature, theICN prescribes a two-part name orbinary name for any taxon below therank of genus down to, and including, the rank of species. Taxa below the rank of species get a three part (infraspecific name).^{[citation needed]}

A binary name consists of the name of agenus and an epithet.

• In the case of a species this is aspecific epithet:

Bellis perennis is the name of a species, in whichperennis is the specific epithet. There is no connecting term involved to indicate the rank.

• In the case of a subdivision of a genus (subgenus, section, subsection, series, subseries, etc.) the name consists of the name of a genus and asubdivisional epithet. A connecting term should be placed before the subdivisional epithet to indicate the rank:

Paraserianthes sect.Falcataria

In the case of cultivated plants, there is an additional epithet which is an often non-Latin part, not written in italics. For cultivars, it is always given in single quotation marks. Thecultivar,Group, orgrex epithet may follow either the botanical name of the species, or the name of the genus only, or the unambiguous common name of the genus or species. The generic name, followed by a cultivar name, is often used when the parentage of a particular hybrid cultivar is not relevant in the context, or is uncertain.

(specific to botany)

• Author citation (botany)
• Botanical nomenclature
• Correct name (botany)
• Hybrid name (botany)
• International Association for Plant Taxonomy
• International Plant Names Index
• The Plant List
• Validly published name (botany)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

(more general)

• Glossary of scientific naming
• Biological classification
• Binomial nomenclature
• Nomenclature codes
• Open nomenclature
• Plant epithet
• Taxonomy
• Undescribed species

• Pavord, Anna (2005).The naming of names the search for order in the world of plants. New York: Bloomsbury.ISBN 9781596919655. Retrieved18 February 2015.

• Brickell, C.D.; Alexander, C.; David, J.C.; Hetterscheid, W.L.A.; Leslie, A.C.; Malecot, V.; Jin, X.; Editorial committee; Cubey, J.J. (2009).International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code), incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation(PDF) (8th ed.). International Association for Plant Taxonomy and International Society for Horticultural Science. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2011-08-13. Retrieved2013-12-29. Adopted by theInternational Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants.
• Plant botanical definition list. Retrieved 12 November 2016.