TheBlack church (sometimes termedBlack Christianity orAfrican American Christianity) is the faith and body ofChristian denominations andcongregations in the United States that predominantly minister to, and are also led byAfrican Americans,^[1] as well as these churches' collective traditions and members.

Black churches primarily arose in the 19th century, during a time when race-basedslavery andracial segregation were both commonly practiced in the United States.Blacks generally searched for an area where they could independently express their faith, find leadership, and escape from inferior treatment in white dominated churches.

Throughout many African American houses, churches reflect a deep cultural emphasis on community and shared spiritual experience.^[2] For African Americans, the church is a dynamic, living body of believers whose collective faith and fellowship are central, regardless of the physical space.^[3][4] This difference highlights the unique cultural and historical significance that the African American community places on the act of gathering and the people themselves, rather than the location.^[5]

The number of Black churches in the United States is substantial. According to the Pew Research Center in 2005, there were approximately 25,000 Black churches across the country, encompassing a wide range of denominations and independent congregations.^[6]

A majority of African American congregations are affiliated withProtestant denominations, such as theAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), theChurch of God in Christ (COGIC), or theNational Baptist Convention and related churches, some of them are affiliated with predominantlywhite Protestant denominations such as theUnited Church of Christ (which developed from the Congregational Church of New England), integrated denominations such as theChurch of God, others are independent congregations.^[7][8] There are alsoBlack Catholic churches.^[9]

In many major cities, Black and predominantly white churches often exist within close proximity to each other; however, they remain segregated by race, a division which was shaped by deep historical, cultural, and social factors, includingracism. During the eras ofslavery andsegregation, African Americans were largely excluded from white churches, which often upheldracial hierarchies and discrimination.^[10] This exclusion led to the creation of Black churches, which became vital spaces for community support, activism, and spiritual freedom.^[11][12]

Even after formal segregation ended, white churches frequently resisted integration, preferring to maintain homogenous congregations.^[13]

Most of the first Black congregations and churches which were formed before 1800 were founded byfreedmen—for example, inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania;Springfield Baptist Church (Augusta, Georgia);Petersburg, Virginia; andSavannah, Georgia.^[14] The oldest blackBaptist church in Kentucky, and third oldest Black Baptist church in the United States, theFirst African Baptist Church, was founded about 1790 by theslavePeter Durrett.^[15] The oldest Black Catholic church,St. Augustine in New Orleans, was founded by freedmen in 1841. However, Black religious orders such as theOblate Sisters of Providence in Baltimore have existed since the 1820s.

After the American Civil War, many white Protestant ministers moved to the South to establish churches where both Black and white congregants could worship together.^[16][17] However, these efforts were often met with resistance, particularly from white Southerners who opposed racial integration. Despite these initial efforts toward inclusive worship, most integrated churches did not survive long due to racial tensions, societal segregation, and differing cultural and religious practices.^[18] Over time, the Black church emerged as a vital and independent institution for African Americans, offering not only spiritual sustenance but also a space for community organization and social activism, distinct from the predominantly white congregations.

InWesleyan-Holiness denominations such as theChurch of God, the belief that "interracial worship was a sign of the true Church" was taught, with both whites and blacks ministering regularly in Church of God congregations, which invited people of all races to worship there.^[7] In some parts of the country, such asNew Orleans, Black and white Catholics had worshiped together for almost 150 years before the American Civil War—albeit without full equality and primarily underFrench andSpanish rule.

During the era of slavery in the United States, many slave owners strategically used Black churches and Black preachers to propagate messages of obedience, submission, and compliance among enslaved people. This was part of a larger system of control that sought to use religion as a tool to maintain the institution of slavery.^[19][20][21]

Select Parts of the Holy Bible for the use of the Negro Slaves, sometimes referred to as theSlave Bible,^[22] was created in theBritish West Indies and is an abbreviated version of theBible specifically made for teaching a pro-slavery version ofChristianity toenslaved people.^[23] Slave owners often introduced Christianity to enslaved Africans, selectively emphasizing biblical teachings that they believed justified slavery and encouraged submission to masters. Scriptures such as Eph 6:5 ("Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear...") and Col 3:22 were frequently cited to reinforce the idea that slavery was divinely sanctioned.^[24][25] Some slaves were already Christian before colonization, however, and some were Muslim.^[26][27] Slaves from the Congo coming to America wereCatholics.^[27]

During this era, there is evidence of Christian practice and "specific dedicated places for worship[pers]" calledpraise houses from before the first organized African American Christian denominations.^[28]

EvangelicalBaptist andMethodist preachers traveled throughoutthe South in theGreat Awakening of the late 18th century. They appealed directly to slaves, and a few thousand slaves converted. Black individuals found opportunities to have active roles in new congregations, especially in the Baptist church, where slaves were appointed as leaders and preachers. They were excluded from such roles in the Anglican or Episcopal churches.^[29] As they listened to readings, slaves developed their own interpretations of the Scriptures and found inspiration in stories of deliverance, such as the Exodus out of Egypt.Nat Turner, an enslaved Baptist preacher, was inspired to armed rebellion against slavery, in an uprising that killed about 50 white people inVirginia.^[30]

Both free African Americans and the more numerous slaves participated in the earliest Black Baptist congregations founded nearPetersburg, Virginia,Savannah, Georgia, andLexington, Kentucky, before 1800. The slaves Peter Durrett and his wife founded the First African Church (now known asFirst African Baptist Church) in Lexington, Kentucky about 1790.^[31] The church's trustees purchased its first property in 1815. The congregation numbered about 290 by the time of Durrett's death in 1823.^[31]

The First African Baptist Church had its beginnings in 1817 whenJohn Mason Peck and the former enslavedJohn Berry Meachum began holding church services for African Americans in St. Louis.^[32] Meachum founded theFirst African Baptist Church in 1827. It was the first African American church west of theMississippi River. Although there were ordinances preventing African Americans from assembling, the congregation grew from 14 people at its founding to 220 people by 1829. Two hundred of the parishioners were slaves, who could only travel to the church and attend services with the permission of their owners.^[33]

Followingslave revolts in the early 19th century, includingNat Turner's Rebellion in 1831,Virginia passed a law requiring African American congregations to meet only in the presence of a white minister. Other states similarly restricted exclusively African American churches or the assembly of black Americans in large groups unsupervised by whites. Nevertheless, the Black Baptist congregations in the cities grew rapidly and their members numbered several hundred each before the American Civil War. While mostly led by freedmen, most of their members were slaves.

Inplantation areas, slaves organizedunderground churches and hidden religious meetings, the "invisible church", where slaves were free to mixEvangelicalChristianity with African beliefs and African rhythms. With the time, many incorporated Wesleyan Methodist hymns, gospel songs, andspirituals.^[35] The underground churches providedpsychological refuge from the white world. The spirituals gave the church members a secret way to communicate and, in some cases, to plan a rebellion.

Slaves also learned aboutWestern Christianity by attending services led by a white preacher or supervised by a white person. Slaveholders often held prayer meetings at their plantations. In the South until the Great Awakening, most Christian slaveholders were Anglican. Although in the early years of theFirst Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers argued for manumission of slaves and abolition, by the early decades of the 19th century, they often had found ways to support the institution. In settings where whites supervised worship and prayer, they usedBible stories that reinforced people's keeping to their places in society, urging slaves to be loyal and to obey their masters. In the 19th century, Methodist and Baptist chapels were founded among many of the smaller communities and common planters.^[36]

During the early decades of the 19th century, they used stories such as theCurse of Ham to justify slavery to themselves.^[36] They promoted the idea that loyal and hard-working slaves would be rewarded in the afterlife. Slaves who were literate tried to teach others to read, asFrederick Douglass did while still enslaved as a young man inMaryland.

Free black Americans in both Northern and Southern U.S. cities formed their own congregations and churches before the end of the 18th century. They organized independent African American congregations and churches to practice religion apart from white oversight.^[37][38] Along with white churches opposed to slavery, free blacks in Philadelphia provided aid and comfort to slaves who escaped and helped all new arrivals adjust to city life.^[39]

In 1787 in Philadelphia, the black church was born out of protest and revolutionary reaction to racism. Resenting being relegated to a segregated gallery atSt. George's Methodist Church, Methodist preachersAbsalom Jones andRichard Allen, and other black members, left the church and formed theFree African Society.^[40]

Richard Allen, a Methodist preacher, wanted to continue with the Methodist tradition. He built a congregation and founded the BethelAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church. By July 29, 1794, they also had a building ready for their worship. The church adopted the slogan: "To Seek for Ourselves." In recognition of his leadership and preaching, in 1799 BishopFrancis Asbury ordained Allen as a Methodist minister.^[41]

Petersburg, Virginia had two of the oldest black American congregations in the country, both organized before 1800 as a result of theGreat Awakening: First Baptist Church (1774) and Gillfield Baptist Church (1797). Each congregation moved from rural areas into Petersburg into their own buildings in the early 19th century. Their two Black Baptist congregations were the first of that denomination in the city and they grew rapidly.^[14][42][43]

InSavannah, Georgia, a Black Baptist congregation was organized by 1777, byGeorge Liele. A former slave, he had been converted by ordained Baptist minister Matthew Moore. His early preaching was encouraged by his master, Henry Sharp. Sharp, a Baptist deacon andLoyalist, freed Liele before theAmerican Revolutionary War began. Liele had been preaching to slaves on plantations, but made his way to Savannah, where he organized a congregation.^[44] After 1782, when Liele left the city with the British,Andrew Bryan led what became known as theFirst African Baptist Church. By 1800 the church had 700 members, and by 1830 it had grown to more than 2400 members. Soon it generated two new black congregations in the city.^[45]

Before 1850, First African Baptist inLexington, Kentucky grew to 1,820 members, making it the largest congregation in that state. This was under its second pastor, Rev. London Ferrill, a free black,^[15] and occurred as Lexington was expanding rapidly as a city. First African Baptist was admitted to the Elkhorn Baptist Association in 1824, where it came somewhat under oversight of white congregations. In 1841,Saint Augustine Catholic Church was established by the Creole community of New Orleans. This church is the oldest black Catholic parish in the United States. In 1856, First African Baptist built a largeItalianate church, which was added to theNational Register of Historic Places in 1986.^[46] By 1861, the congregation numbered 2,223 members.^[47]

Free Black communities in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New York helpedfreedom seekers escape from slavery. Black Churches were stops on theUnderground Railroad, and Black communities in the North hid freedom seekers in their churches and homes. Historian Cheryl Janifer Laroche explained in her book,Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance that: "Blacks, enslaved and free, operated as the main actors in the central drama that was the Underground Railroad."^[48]

Afteremancipation, Northern churches founded by free blacks, as well as those of predominantly white denominations, sent missions to the South to minister to newly freed slaves, including to teach them to read and write. For instance, BishopDaniel Payne of theAME Church returned toCharleston, South Carolina in April 1865 with nine missionaries. He organized committees, associations and teachers to reach freedmen throughout the countryside. In the first year after the war, the African Methodist Episcopal Church gained 50,000 congregants.^[49]

By the end of Reconstruction, AME congregations existed from Florida to Texas. Their missioners and preachers had brought more than 250,000 new adherents into the church. While it had a northern base, the church was heavily influenced by this growth in the South and incorporation of many members who had different practices and traditions.^[50] Similarly, within the first decade, the independentAME Zion church, founded in New York, also gained tens of thousands of Southern members. These two independent black denominations attracted the most new members in the South.^[51]

In 1870 inJackson, Tennessee, with support from white colleagues of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, more than 40 black Southern ministers, all freedmen and former slaves, met to establish the Southern-basedColored Methodist Episcopal Church (now Christian Methodist Episcopal Church), founded as an independent branch of Methodism. They took their mostly black congregations with them. They adopted the Methodist doctrine and elected their first two bishops,William H. Miles of Kentucky and Richard H. Vanderhorst of South Carolina.^[51][52] Within three years, from a base of about 40,000, they had grown to 67,000 members, and more than ten times that many in 50 years.^[53]

TheChurch of God, with its beginnings in 1881, held that "interracial worship was a sign of the true Church", with both whites and blacks ministering regularly in Church of God congregations, which invited people of all races to worship there.^[7] Those who wereentirely sanctified testified that they were "saved, sanctified, and prejudice removed."^[7] When Church of God ministers, such as Lena Shoffner, visited thecamp meetings of other denominations, the rope in the congregation that separated whites and blacks was untied "and worshipers of both races approached the altar to pray".^[7] Though outsiders would sometimes attack Church of God services and camp meetings for their stand for racial equality, Church of God members were "undeterred even by violence" and "maintained their strong interracial position as the core of their message of the unity of all believers".^[7]

At the same time, BlackBaptist churches, well-established before the American Civil War, continued to grow and add new congregations. With the rapid growth of black Baptist churches inthe South, in 1895 church officials organized a new Baptist association, theNational Baptist Convention. This was the unification of three national African American conventions, organized in 1880 and the 1890s. It brought together the areas of mission, education and overall cooperation. Despite founding of new black conventions in the early and later 20th century, this is still one of the largest black religious organizations in the United States.^[30] These churches blended elements from underground churches with elements from freely established black churches.^[37]

The postwar years were marked by a separatist impulse as blacks exercised the right to move and gather beyond white supervision or control. They developed black churches, benevolent societies, fraternal orders and fire companies.^[54] In some areas they moved from farms into towns, as in middle Tennessee, or to cities that needed rebuilding, such as Atlanta. Black churches were the focal points of black communities, and their members quickly seceding from white churches demonstrated their desire to manage their own affairs independently of white supervision. It also showed the prior strength of the "invisible church" hidden from white eyes.^[55]

Black preachers provided leadership, encouraged education and economic growth, and were often the primary link between the African American and white communities.^{[citation needed]} The black church established and/or maintained the first black schools and encouraged community members to fund these schools and other public services.^[37] For most black leaders, the churches always were connected to political goals of advancing the race. There grew to be a tension between black leaders from the North and people in the South who wanted to run their churches and worship in their own way.^[56]

Since the male hierarchy denied them opportunities forordination, middle-class women in the black church asserted themselves in other ways: they organizedmissionary societies to address social issues. These societies provided job training andreading education, worked for better living conditions, raised money for African missions, wrote religious periodicals, and promotedVictorian ideals of womanhood, respectability, and racial uplift.^[30]

Black churches held a leadership role in theAmerican civil rights movement. Their history as centers of strength for the black community made them natural leaders in this moral struggle. In addition they had often served as links between the black and white worlds. Notable minister-activists of the 1950s and 1960s includedMartin Luther King Jr.,Ralph David Abernathy,Bernard Lee,Fred Shuttlesworth,Wyatt Tee Walker,C. T. Vivian,^[57][58] and Fr.Ted Hesburgh, who would later be recruited byPresident Johnson to help craft the legislation that would later become the1964 Civil Rights Act. During this movement, many African American Baptists split over using black churches as political centers alongside spiritual centers; this led to the formation of theProgressive National Baptist Convention.^[59]

After the assassination of Dr. King in 1968, byJames Earl Ray, African American Catholics began organizing en masse, beginning withthe clergy that April. ABlack Catholic revolution soon broke out, fostering theintegration of the traditions of the larger (Protestant) Black Church into Black Catholic parishes. Soon there were organizations formed for Blackreligious sisters (1968), permanent deacons, seminarians, and a brand-newNational Black Catholic Congress organization in 1987, reviving the late 19th-century iteration of the same. This era saw a massive increase in Black priests, and the first crop of Black bishops and archbishops.

One formalization of theology based on themes of black liberation is theblack theology movement. Its origins can be traced to July 31, 1966, when anad hoc group of 51 black pastors, calling themselves the National Committee of Negro Churchmen (NCNC), bought a full-page ad inThe New York Times to publish their "Black Power Statement" which proposed a more aggressive approach to combating racism using theBible for inspiration.^[60]

Black liberation theology was first systematized byJames Cone andDwight Hopkins. They are considered the leading theologians of this system of belief, although now there are many scholars who have contributed a great deal to the field. In 1969, Cone published the seminal work that laid the basis for black liberation theology,Black Theology and Black Power. In the book, Cone asserted that not only was black power not alien to the Gospel, it was, in fact, the Gospel message for all of 20th century America.^[61][62]

In 2008, approximately one quarter of African-American churches followed aliberation theology.^[63] The theology was thrust into the national spotlight after acontroversy arose related to preaching by Rev.Jeremiah Wright, former pastor to then-SenatorBarack Obama atTrinity United Church of Christ, Chicago. Wright had built Trinity into a successfulmegachurch following the theology developed by Cone, who has said that he would "point to [Trinity] first" as an example of a church's embodying his message.^[64]

Scholars have seen parallels between the Black church and the 21st CenturyBlack Girl Magic movement, with social media interactions involving the Black Girl Magic hashtag seen as a modern extension of "[t]he Black church traditions of testimony, exhortation, improvisation, call and response, and song," which Black women can use to form a "cyber congregation."^[65]

From the Black theology movement also came a more feminine form, in reaction to both the male-dominated nature of the field and the White-dominated nature ofFeminist theology. Major figures in this reaction included Afro-Latino thinkers as well as Black women. Black Catholic womanists also played a major role, including SrJamie Phelps, OP,M. Shawn Copeland, andDiana L. Hayes.^{[citation needed]}

The black church continues to be a source of support for members of the African American community, like encouragement to obtainimmunizations.^[66] When compared to American churches as a whole, predominantly African American churches tend to focus more on social issues such aspoverty,gang violence,drug use,prison ministries andracism. A study in 1996 found that African American Christians were more likely to have heard abouthealth care reform from their pastors than were white Christians.^[67] As of 2024, the National Black Church initiative had 27.7 million members in the United States.^[66]

Most surveys indicate that while blacks tend to voteDemocratic in elections, members of traditionally African American churches are generally more socially conservative than white Protestants as a whole.^[68]Same-sex marriage and otherLGBT issues have been among the leading causes for activism in some black churches;^[69] though a majority of black Protestants remained opposed to same-sex marriage as of 2015,^[70] support grew to a majority of both black Protestant and black Catholic respondents in later surveys.^[71][72][73] Nevertheless, some denominations have been discussing this issue. For example, theAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church prohibits its ministers from officiating same-sex weddings, but it does not have a clear policy on ordination.^[74]

Some African American clergy have not accepted same-sex marriage. A group known as the Coalition of African American Pastors (CAAP), maintains their opposition to gay marriage. The CAAP president, Reverend William Owens Sr., asserts that the marriage equality act will cause corruption within the United States. The organization insists that a real union is between a man and a woman. They also believe that the law prohibiting gay marriage should have been upheld. Other African American religious leaders that echoed Owens' position were Bishop Janice Hollis, presiding prelate for Covenant International Fellowship of Churches in Philadelphia; Bishop Charles G. Nauden of Holyway Church of God in Christ of Southern California; and the Reverend Dean Nelson, vice chairman of the Frederick Douglass Foundation.^[75] The CAAP members agree that the Supreme Court had no right to overturn the constitutional ruling.^[76]

Although black urban neighborhoods in cities that have deindustrialized may have suffered from civicdisinvestment,^[77] with lower quality schools, less effective policing^[78] and fire protection, there are institutions that help to improve the physical and social capital of black neighborhoods. In black neighborhoods the churches may be important sources of social cohesion.^[79] For some African Americans the kind of spirituality learned through these churches works as a protective factor against the corrosive forces of poverty and racism.^[80][81]

Churches may also do work to improve the physical infrastructure of the neighborhood. Churches inHarlem have undertaken real estate ventures and renovated burnt-out and abandonedbrownstones to create new housing for residents.^[82] Churches have fought for the right to operate their own schools in place of the often inadequatepublic schools found in many black neighborhoods.^[83]

Like many Christians, African American Christians sometimes participate in or attend aChristmas play.Black Nativity byLangston Hughes is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story withgospel music. Productions can be found at black theaters and churches all over the country.^[84][85] TheThree Wise Men are typically played by prominent members of the black community.

Thewatchnight service held onNew Year's Eve in many Christian denominations, especially those of the Methodist and Moravian traditions, is widely attended by African American Christians.^[86]

Throughout U.S. history, religious preferences and racial segregation have fostered development of separate black church denominations, as well as black churches within white denominations.

African Americans were drawn toMethodism due to the father of Methodism,John Wesley's "opposition to the whole system of slavery, his commitment to Jesus Christ, and the evangelical appeal to the suffering and the oppressed."^[87]

The first of these churches was theAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church. In the late 18th century, former slaveRichard Allen, a Methodist preacher, was an influentialdeacon and elder at the integrated and affluent St. George's Methodist Church inPhiladelphia. The charismatic Allen had attracted numerous new black members to St. George's. White members had become so uncomfortable that they relegated black worshipers to a segregated gallery. After white members of St. George's started to treat his people as second-class citizens, in 1787 Allen,Absalom Jones, also a preacher; and other black members left St. George's.^[88]

They first established the non-denominationalFree African Society, which acted as a mutual aid society. Religious differences caused Jones to take numerous followers to create an Episcopal congregation. They established theAfrican Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, which opened its doors in 1794. Absalom Jones was later ordained by the bishop of the Philadelphia diocese as the first African-American priest in the Episcopal Church.^[89]

Allen continued for some years within the Methodist denomination but organized a black congregation. By 1794 he and his followers opened the doors of theMother Bethel AME Church.^[90]

Over time, Allen and others sought more independence from white supervision within the Methodist Church. In 1816 Allen gathered four other black congregations together in the mid-Atlantic region to establish the African Methodist Episcopal Church as an independent denomination, the first fully independent black denomination. The ministers consecrated Allen as their first bishop.^[38]

The African Methodist Episcopal Zion or AME Zion Church, like the AME Church, is an offshoot of theMethodist Episcopal Church. Black members of theJohn Street Methodist Church of New York City left to form their own church after several acts of overt discrimination by white members. In 1796, Black Methodists asked the permission of thebishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church to meet independently, though still to be part of that church and led by white preachers. This AME Church group built Zion chapel in 1800 and became incorporated in 1801, still subordinate to the Methodist Episcopal Church.^[91]

In 1820, AME Zion Church members began further separation from the Methodist Episcopal Church. By seeking to install black preachers and elders, they created a debate over whether blacks could be ministers. This debate ended in 1822 with the ordination of Abraham Thompson, Leven Smith, andJames Varick, the first superintendent (bishop) of the AME Zion Church. After the American Civil War, the denomination sent missionaries to the South and attracted thousands of new members, who shaped the church.^[91]

• African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church and Connection
• Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
• Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
• Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church

The National Baptist Convention of the United States of America was first organized in 1880 as the Foreign Mission Baptist Convention inMontgomery,Alabama. Its founders, includingElias Camp Morris, stressed the preaching of thegospel as an answer to the shortcomings of a segregated church. In 1895, Morris moved toAtlanta, Georgia, and founded the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., as a merger of the Foreign Mission Convention, the American National Baptist Convention, and the Baptist National Education Convention.^[92]

• Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship
• National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.
• National Missionary Baptist Convention of America
• Progressive National Baptist Convention

In 1907,Charles Harrison Mason formed the Church of God in Christ after his Baptist church and the Mississippi Convention of the NBC USA expelled him. Mason was a member of theHoliness movement of the late 19th century. In 1906, he attended theAzusa Street Revival inLos Angeles. Upon his return toTennessee, he began teaching theHolinessPentecostal message. However,Charles Price Jones and J. A. Jeter of the Wesleyan Holiness movement disagreed with Mason's teachings on theBaptism of the Holy Spirit.

Jones changed the name of his COGIC church to theChurch of Christ (Holiness) USA in 1915.

At a conference inMemphis, Tennessee, Mason reorganized the Church of God in Christ as a Holiness Pentecostal body.^[93] The headquarters of COGIC isMason Temple inMemphis, Tennessee. It is the site ofMartin Luther King's final sermon, "I've Been to the Mountaintop", delivered the day before he was assassinated.^[94]

• United Holy Church of America
• Apostolic Faith Mission
• Apostolic Faith Mission Church of God
• Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith
• Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas
• Mount Sinai Holy Church of America
• Pentecostal Assemblies of the World
• United House of Prayer for All People
• United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated

Birthed from pre-U.S. communities in New Orleans, Baltimore, Florida, and California, the presence of African American Catholics in the United States territories constitute some of the earliest Black communities on the entire continent. Beginning in the early 19th century, Black Catholic religious sisters began forming congregations to serve their communities, beginning withMary Elizabeth Lange andHenriette DeLille, who founded theOblate Sisters of Providence andSisters of the Holy Family, respectively. They were soon followed by the emergence of openly Black priests, the first being FrAugustus Tolton in 1886.^{[citation needed]}

TheSociety of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (aka the Josephites), a group of priests tasked with serving African-Americans specifically, were formed in 1893 and began ordaining Black men immediately—though in small numbers. They staffed and formed Black parishes throughout the country, and today continue to serve in the same way (as do the two aforementioned sisterhoods, as well as theFranciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary).^{[citation needed]}

After the Civil Rights Movement, various new Black Catholic organizations were founded for Black priests, sisters, deacons, and seminarians, and theNational Black Catholic Congress arrived in 1987. African-American Catholic priests greatly increased in number and African-American bishops began being appointed, including archbishops.^{[citation needed]}

Wilton Gregory, the first African American cardinal was named in 2020.^[95]

• African diaspora religions
• Atheism in the African diaspora
• Black sermonic tradition
• Black theology
• Louisiana Black church fires
• Our Lady of Ferguson
• Our Mother of Africa Chapel
• Traditional Black gospel

General:

• Racial segregation of churches in the United States
• Religion in Black America^[96]
• Religious discrimination in the United States

• Gilton, Donna.(1993). "This far by faith: Resources of the African-American Church. The Alert Collector Column.RQ 32: No. 4 (Summer): pp. 468–484.
• Travis, Jamal Chanse (August 2015).The Political Power Of The Black Church (PhD dissertation).University of Mississippi.

• On The Secret Religious Meetings of Enslaved Persons
• Black Past: Historic African American Churches
• Faith Among Black Americans
• A Religious Portrait of African-Americans