TheBenveniste family is an old, noble, wealthy, and scholarlySephardic Jewish family ofNarbonne, France, and northern Spain established in the 11th century. The family was present in the 11th to the 15th centuries inHachmei Provence,France,Barcelona,Aragon, andCastile.

Benveniste

Coat of arms (Printer's Mark) ofImmanuel Benveniste,Amsterdam, 17th century. It includes theStar of David, a lion cub ofJudah, a castle and 10 moons - theKabbalist symbols of the 10Sefirot (attributes/emanations). Probably the symbols in the coat of arms of Mendes/Benveniste families from Portugal and Spain.[1]
Origin
Language(s)	Spanish, Sephardi
Meaning	Italian "Bene veniste" andSpanishBien venida = welcome (orBien viniste = your arrival was good).
Region of origin	Spain, Greece, Israel, Turkey, Ottoman Empire, Western Europe
Other names
Variant form(s)	Benvenuto and Benveniste (inItaly), Benvenist (inCatalonia), Benveniste (inCastile), Bemvenist and Bemveniste (inPortugal), Beniste or Benisti (inNorth Africa), Bienveniste, Benbeneste, Beneviste, Benvenista, Benvenisto, Ben-Veniste.

Family members received honorary titles from the authorities and were members of the administration of the Kingdoms of Aragon andCastile. They were thebaillie ("bayle")—the tax officers and treasurers, andalfaquim—senior advisors to the king and royal physician inBarcelona andAragon in the 12th and 13th centuries. They held the title of "nasi" (prince in Hebrew), since they are considered by the Jewish tradition as descendants ofKing David and members of theHouse of David in the Jewish communities (mainlyBarcelona) and were prominent religious and secular leaders in the 11th to the 14th centuries.

In the 14th to the 15th century, they held the titles of"Benveniste de la Cavalleria"—"of the knights" (a name given by theKnights Templar to their treasurers and tax collectors) and “don”—a noble person in Aragon and Castile. In the aftermath of themassacres of Jews which began in Spain on 6 June 1391, some such as the de Cartagena family converted to Christianity and became powerful conversos inBurgos. After the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, non-converts were dispersed mainly to Portugal, Greece -Salonica, other parts of theOttoman Empire, and North African countries. In Portugal, they were forced to convert to Christianity in 1497 and became some of the richest traders and bankers (the Mendes family) of Europe. Today, the name is borne by families in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Israel. It was also used as aprænomen.^[2]

The Italian name is a composition of the words "bene" meaning "well," and "veniste" meaning "came." The name was given to babies, a welcome to the world, a way of thanking God for a descendant. The name was gradually adopted as a last name, relating to the father. There are many variations of the name in Italy and the Mediterranean countries: Benvenuto, Benvenuti, Benvenga, Benvenisti and more.

At this time one of the ministers, a sworn enemy of the Jewish minister, burst into laughter, and said to the king: "Your Majesty, that Jew-minister expert in our country's flora was making fun of you. He deliberately gave you a wrong name for that flower in order to embarrass you before your ministers and viziers. That is not a 'bienva,' but a 'malva'." The king angrily asked the Jewish minister to explain, threatening him with dire punishment. The minister said: "Your Majesty, I am ready to accept your judgment. But first, I beg you, hear me out carefully. Your Majesty, when we were out in the field, you asked me to tell you the name of that plant. There you were, standing before me, Royal Highness, and I thought: By no means am I going to offend Your Majesty by telling you the plant's true name, 'malva' – 'ill-going'! So I told you that the plant is called 'bienva' 'well-going'!". The king was mollified, and he said to the Jewish minister: "You have vanquished those of my ministers who wish you ill. I am pleased with your explanation. And to commemorate this occasion, I hereby; dub you bien veniste ('Benveniste') or 'your arrival was for good'".^[3]

Yet, the above nice family legend does not take into account the fact that in both medieval Iberia and Languedoc, before being used as a surname, Benveniste (from the Spanish expression "bien viniste" meaning '(you) have arrived well') was used by Jews as a given name. It was one of the votive names typical for medieval Jews in southwestern Europe: it expressed a wish for the child to be welcome in this world. As many other names based on father's given names (patronymics), it gradually became a hereditary family name.^[4] Some sources claim that in Eastern Europe, the family adapted the surnamesEpstein andHorowitz.^[5]

The first appearance of the name Benveniste was in the 11th century in southern France (present-daySeptimania andProvence).

Earlier, in the 8th century, the region was shaped byCharlemagne from theFrankish Kingdom of theCarolingian. The big Narbonne Jewish center was established, according to Jewish and Christian sources by prominent Jews fromBagdad at the request of theCarolingian kings. TheBabylonian names ofMakhir,Hasdai,Sheshet andShealtiel are the names of chief rabbis and leaders - Nasi (considered by the Jewish tradition as descendants of King David) of the Jewish center.

The numerically literateSephardim assisted the Crowns of theKingdom of Aragon and theCounty of Barcelona as tax collectors and advisers. In 1150 Aragon and Barcelona were united by the marriage of their rulers. The Sephardic Jewish families appear together with the name Benveniste in official and Jewish documents of Narbonne, Barcelona and Aragon from the 11th-13th century AD with the title Nasi added to their names. They appear in the travel books ofBenjamin of Tudela from the 12th century.^[6]

• Isaac ben Josef iben Benveniste Nasi, also called as Iben Barun (c. 11th century), was a Hebrew grammarian, lexicographer and poet. He lived in Saragossa (during the Islamic era) and Málaga and associated with the poetsMoses ibn Ezra andJudah Halevi.^[7]

• Isaac Benveniste Nasi was the physician of the king of Aragon that came to Spain fromNarbonne, France, in the 12th century. The father of Sheshet Benveniste Nasi.
• Sheshet Benveniste Nasi (c. 1131-1209) was a physician, writer, political advisor and diplomate to the kings of Aragon. He came to Spain from Narbonne, France, with his father in the 12th century. Sheshet received his education at Narbonne, his probable birthplace, afterward he lived at Barcelona, and later atSaragossa, in which city he died. He practiced medicine, and was the author of a medical work, manuscript copies of which are still extant at Oxford and Munich. Such was his reputation as a physician that patients came long distances to consult him.
• Isaac ben Joseph Benveniste Nasi (died 1224) was the physician of the king of Aragon. He was the leading figure in the representative congresses of the Jewish communities convened at Montpellier and Saint-Gilles in 1214 and 1215 to consider protective measures in view of the approachingLateran Council. Subsequently, he secured for the Aragonese communities a temporary suspension of the obligation to wear the Jewish badge.^[7]
• VidalBenveniste de Porta (died 1268), Jewish Bailie ("bayle") - the tax officer and treasurer of Barcelona,Girona, andLerida. His brother was Bonastruc ça (de) Porta,Nahmanides (in Hebrew Ramban), also known as Rabbi Moses ben Nahman Girondi (1194–1270), grew up, studied and lived inGirona. He was a leading medieval Jewish scholar,Catalonia rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator. He participated in 1263 in theDisputation of Barcelona before KingJames I of Aragon.

• Vidal Benveniste (de la Cavalleria) was a Spanish Jewish scholar who lived inSaragossa (the capital of Aragon) in the beginning of the second half of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century. The honor 'Benveniste de la Cavalleria', according to the Encyclopaedia Judaica, was given to the family by theKnights Templar who protected the family and the family in turn administered the tax system of theTemplars. His family was connected to the development of the town ofSaragossa in the 14th century, and members of the family Benveniste de la Cavalleria were financiers of the local kings.^[8] He was elected, by the notables of the Jewish communities ofAragon, as the speaker before the pope at the beginning ofdisputation of Tortosa (1412).^[9]
• Abraham Benveniste (Bienveniste) (died inc. 1450) ofSoria andToledo, Spain. Statesman and chief rabbi (or "court rabbi") ofCastile during the reign of Juan II (1406–54). He was also entrusted with the public finances of the kingdom together withJoseph Nasi. Under the presidency of Benveniste a Jewish synod inValladolid in 1432 drew up a statute called the "Takḳanoth," which was to serve as a basis for the administration of the Jewish communities inSpain. It dealt with the divine service, with the glorification of the study of the law, with state taxation, and with the welfare and progress of the communities.^[10][11]
• Vidal Benveniste (de la Cavalleria) was the grandson of Abraham Benveniste was a prominent and a wealthy man in Spain in the second half of the 15th century. Together with his brother Abraham^[12] they negotiated a compact with the king of Portugal to allow 120,000 of the Jewish exiles fromSpain in 1492 to stay inPortugal for six months. The Jewish exiles had to pay one ducat for every soul, and the fourth part of all the merchandise they had carried with them when they enteredPortugal.^[13]
• Solomon ha-Levi (de la Cavalleria Benveniste), cousin of Abraham Benveniste, was the most wealthy and influential Jew ofBurgos, an erudite scholar ofTalmudic and rabbinical literature, and arabbi of the Jewish community. His father, Isaac ha-Levi was bailiff ofAlfonso IX and had come fromAragon to Burgos in the middle of the fourteenth century where he married Maria Benveniste, sister of Abraham Benveniste's father. He converted in the aftermath of the great massacres of Jews which began on 6 June 1391 and changed his name to Paul of Santa Maria. His intelligence and scholarship, as well as his gift of oratory, won the praise ofIsaac ben Sheshet and also gained for him the confidence of KingHenry III of Castile, who in 1406 appointed him keeper of the royal seal. In 1416 King Henry named himLord Chancellor. After the King's death Archbishop Paul was a member of the council which ruledCastile in the name of the regentDoña Catalina, and by the will of the deceased king he was tutor to the heir to the throne, the laterJohn II of Castile. His family and descendants used the last namede Cartagena and became the most powerful and "prolific converso family in Spanish history".^[14]

• Francisco Mendes (Tzemah Benveniste in Hebrew) was one of the wealthiest traders and bankers in Europe in the first half of the 16th century. He was the great-grandson of Abraham Benveniste. His family was forcibly converted Sephardic Jews known asConversos (also called crypto-Jews,Marranos and secret Jews). While still Jewish, they had fled to Portugal when the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I ofCastile and King Ferdinand II ofAragon, expelled the Jews in 1492. Five years later, in 1497, they were forcibly converted to Catholicism along with all the other Jews in Portugal at that time. Francisco Mendes|Benveniste founded and directed theMendes Bank, along with his brothers Diogo Mendes (Meir Benveniste) and Goncalo Mendes, fromLisbon and later fromAntwerp,^[15] a powerful trading company and a bank of world repute with agents across Europe and around the Mediterranean. The House of Mendes|Benveniste probably began as a company trading precious objects. Following the beginning of theAge of Discovery and the finding, by the Portuguese, of a sea route toIndia, Goncalo Mendes financed ships (and possibly participated) in theVasco di Gama missions. They became particularly important as one of the six families that controlled the spice trade in thePortuguese India Armadas (the kings ofblack pepper). They established with the other families a trading post in Antwerp from where they controlled the distribution of black pepper in Europe. They also traded insilver - the silver was needed to pay the Asians for those spices.^[16] They financed the kings and queens ofPortugal,Spain,England,Flanders and thepopes inRome through the Mendes Bank, which became one of largest banks in the world of the 16th century along with the Fugger and Welser family.^[17]
• Gracia Mendes Nasi - Benveniste - Beatriz de Luna - (1510–1569) (Doña Gracia) was aSephardic-Jewish-Portuguese businesswoman. She was the daughter of Philipa Mendes|Benveniste and Alvaro de Luna. She was married to her uncle Francisco Mendes (Tzemah Benveniste), inherited the Mendes|Benveniste fortune and due to her exceptional business acumen, became one of the wealthiest women in Europe of the middle 16th century.^[18] She returned to Judaism inFerrara in the 1552 together with members of the Henriques-Nunes-Benveniste family (Meir, Abraham and Reyna Benveniste). In 1553/4 she left Ferrara together with her daughter Ana (Reyna) and (soon to be) son-in-lawDon Joseph Nasi and the Henriques-Nunes-Benveniste family to Salonika and Istanbul where they settled at the invitation ofSultanSuleiman I. They were very active in trade, finance and in local and international Jewish life.^[19]
• DonJoseph Nasi, Duke of Naxos - diplomat, statesman and financier, nephew ofDonaGracia Mendes Nasi, and an influential figure in theOttoman Empire during the rules of bothSultanSuleiman I and his sonSelim II. He was a great benefactor of the Jewish people.^[20] Acourt Jew,^[21] he was appointed the lord of Tiberias,^[22] with the expressed aim of resettling Jews inOttoman Syria and was appointed to theDuchy of the Archipelago from 1566 to 1579, a title usually only bestowed upon Muslims. In around 1563,Joseph Nasi secured permission from SultanSelim II to acquire Tiberias and seven surrounding villages to create a Jewish city-state and encourage industry there.^[23] He hoped that large numbers of Jewish refugees would settle there, free from fear and oppression; indeed, the persecuted Jews of Cori, Italy, numbering about 200 souls, decided to emigrate to Tiberias.^[24][25] Nevertheless, a number of factors during the following years contributed to the plan's ultimate failure. This project ofGracia Mendes Nasi and Joseph Nasi was the only practical attempt to establish some sort of Jewish city-state between the fourth and 19th centuries.

• Judah Benveniste and Don Samuel Benveniste Sons of Meir Benveniste ofToledo. Grandsons of Don Abraham Benveniste the court rabbi ofCastile. They immigrated toSalonica in 1492 with other Jewish Spanish exiles, and with them they founded the Sephardic community in that city. They succeeded in preserving a share of their great patrimony sufficient for the purchase of a large collection of books. Several experienced scribes were always employed in copying the Mishnah, the Talmud, and other works at their homes, which was the center of the scholarly Spanish exiles.^[6]
• Vidal Benveniste fromAragon settled inConstantinople after the expulsion fromSpain in 1492. A writer of a book published in 1512.^[26]
• Moses Benveniste (second half of the 16th century), physician of the Grand Vizier Siavouch Pasha inConstantinople. Political advisor and diplomat. Negotiated peace withSpain. Died in exile in Rhodes.
• Joshua ben Israel Benveniste (c. 1590 –c. 1668), physician and rabbi in Constantinople
• Chaim Benveniste (1603–1673), brother of Joshua, rabbinical authority at Constantinople and later at Smyrna, author ofShiyurei Kenesset HaGedolah andKenesset HaGedolah.

• Immanuel Benveniste (1608–1664) a notable printer fromAmsterdam that printed many books inHebrew among them theBible and theTalmud. He was fromVenice. Indirect information point to his origin as acrypto-Jew that converted back toJudaism and possibly as a member of the Mendes/Benveniste family fromVenice (seeDona Gracia Mendes Nasi).^[27]
• Émile Benveniste (1902–1976), French structural linguist
• Jacques Benveniste (1935–2004), French immunologist
• Asa Benveniste (1925–1990), American poet
• Richard Ben-Veniste (born 1943), American lawyer
• Guy Benveniste (born 1927), French and American educator and planner
• David Benvenisti, (1897–1993), fromSalonica andJerusalem, Israeli educator and geographer,Israel Prize recipient. The father ofMeron Benvenisti andRefael (Rafi) Benvenisti and grandfather ofEyal Benvenisti.
• Meron Benvenisti (1934–2020), Israeli historian and journalist.
• Refael (Rafi) Benvenisti (born 1937), Israeli economist, brother of Meron.
• Eyal Benvenisti (born 1959), Israeli and int'l law professor, son of Meron
• Baruch Epstein (1860–1941), Lithuanian Rabbi, his original family name was Benveniste

Dr. David Raphael author of books on Spanish Jewry, director writer of the musical documentary Song of the Sephardi, and short film on Nachmanides 1263 Disputation of Barcelona descends from Vidal Benveniste de Porta, bailiff to King James of Aragon and brother of Rabbi Nachmanides (known as the Ramban)

• House of David
• Abravanel

•   This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1902)."Benveniste".The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 38.