Benishangul-Gumuz (Amharic:በኒሸንጉል ጉሙዝ,romanized: Benšangul Gumuz) is aregional state in northwesternEthiopia borderingSudan. It was previously known asRegion 6. The region's capital isAssosa. Following the adoption of the1995 constitution, the region was created from the westernmost portion of theGojjam province (the part north of theAbay River), and the northwestern portion of theWelega Province (the part south of the Abay). The name of the region comes from two peoples –Berta (also called Benishangul, which is its original name) andGumuz.

Benishangul-Gumuz Region በኒሸንጉል ጉሙዝ
Regional state
Flag Seal
Map ofEthiopia showing the Benishangul-Gumuz Region
Country	Ethiopia
Capital	Assosa
Government
• Chief Administrator	Ashadli Hassan
Area
• Total	50,699 km2 (19,575 sq mi)
• Rank	7th
	[1]
Population  (2017)
• Total	1,127,001[2]
• Rank	9th
ISO 3166 code	ET-BE
HDI (2019)	0.476[3] low ·7th of 11

The region has faced major challenges to economic development, due to lack of transportation and communications infrastructure. The Abay River (Blue Nile) divides Benishangul-Gumuz, and there was no bridge crossing it until 2012. The major road that connects theMetekel Zone and theAssosa Zone was built by the China Construction Company in 2012. The road has a 365-meter bridge that crosses the Abay. Nowadays it is simple to travel between the regional capital of Assosa andGilgil Beles, the capital of the Metekel Zone. Previously one had to travel through Wollega and Gojjam in the neighboring regions ofOromia andAmhara, a distance of 1,250 kilometers, but it is now around 378 kilometers on the new road and bridge. Conditions for travel within zones varies, but is often poor and subject to disruption by therainy season.^[4] On 28 July 2009, the Regional Rural Roads Authority reported that over the previous year almost 600 of the 800 kilometers of local all-weather roads had been upgraded at a cost of 11.5 millionbirr, and an additional 447 kilometers of roads constructed.^[5]

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by theCentral Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the Benishangul-Gumuz Region has a total population of 784,345, consisting of 398,655 men and 385,690 women; urban inhabitants number 105,926 or 13.51% of the population. With an estimated area of 49,289.46 square kilometers, this Region has an estimated density of 15.91 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 174,445 households were counted, which results in an average for the Region of 4.5 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.6 and rural households 4.7 people. The ethnic groups include theBerta (25.41%),Amhara (21.69%),Gumuz (20.88%),Oromo (13.55%),Shinasha (7.73%) andAgaw-Awi (4.22%). Main languages are thebefore;Berta (25.15%),Amharic (22.46%),Gumuz (20.59%),Oromo (17.69%),Shinasha (4.58%) andAwngi (4.01%). Concerning religion, 44.98% of the population wereMuslim, 33.3% wereOrthodox Christians, 13.53% wereProtestant, and 7.09% practiced traditional beliefs.^[6] It had a projected population of 1,127,001 in 2018.^[2]

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 460,459 of which 233,013 were men and 227,446 were women. Rural population was 424,432, while the urban population was 36,027. The five largest ethnic groups in Benishangul-Gumuz were the Berta (27%),Gumuz (23%), Amhara (22%), Oromo (13%) and Shinasha (7%).Berta is spoken in theSherkole woreda,Gumuz is spoken along the western boundary ofGuba andDangur woredas and in theSirba Abbay woreda, and theShinasha are a displaced people ofKaffa scattered acrossWelega andGojjam. The Berta, Gumuz and Shinasha tend to have more in common with the people of neighbouringSudan than with other Ethiopian peoples, while the Amhara andTigrayans, who are known asHabesha (or "highlanders") are recent arrivals, who began to settle in the region during theDerg era.^[7] According to the 1994 census 44.1% of inhabitants were Muslim, 34.8% Orthodox Christians, 13.1% followers of traditional religions and 5.8% Protestants.

According to the CSA, as of 2004^[update], 27.23% of the total population had access tosafe drinking water, of whom 22.35% were rural inhabitants and 58.53% were urban.^[8] Values for other reported common indicators of thestandard of living for Benishangul-Gumuz as of 2005^[update] include the following: 19.1% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 47.4% and for women 23.2%; and the regionalinfant mortality rate is 84 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is greater than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.^[9]

There are 2 refugee camps and 1 transit center, housing 36,440 refugees fromSudan andSouth Sudan, located in Benishangul-Gumuz region.^[10]

Some of ethnic groups native to the Benishangul-Gumuz region are:

• Berta, mostly inAssosa Zone
• Gumuz, mostly inKamashi Zone, also form the plurality inMetekel Zone
• Kwama, mostly inMao-Komo special woreda
• Shinasha, mostly inMetekel Zone
• Amhara people,mostly inMetekel Zone
• Agew people, mostly inMetekel Zone
• Mao, mostly inMao-Komo special woreda
• Bambashi, mostly inBambashi (woreda)

Five of these ethnic groups (Benishangul, Gumuz, Shinasha, Mao and Kwama) are granted the exclusive right tonon-territorially functioning indigenous councils.^[12]

Like theGambela Region, Benishangul-Gumuz is historically closely linked to neighbouring areas of Sudan, and to a lesser extent to theEthiopian Highlands. These regions served as slave-hunting grounds sinceAksumite times, and theirNilosaharan-speaking inhabitants were pejoratively calledShanqella (Šanqəlla, also Shanqila, Shankella) by the highland Ethiopians.^[13] Besides slaves, gold was traditionally an important export of Benishangul.^[14]

Little is known about its history before the 19th century.^[15] Archaeologists have found sites that they date to the end of the 1st millennium BC or the beginning of the 1st millennium AD and assign them to the forerunners of today'sKomuz-speaking ethnic groups. Finds attributing them to the Berta date from the 17th to 20th centuries and are mainly located on mountains, hills and in rocky areas that are easy to defend. It was not until the mid-20th century that Berta also settled in the lowlands, as slave hunts and armed conflict had ended.^[16]

The area lay as a "buffer zone" or "no man's land" between southernSennar andDamot in the highlands. The Ethiopian EmperorSusenyos invaded the area in 1617/18, and it fell to theFunj Sultanate in 1685.^[13]

According toNegasso Gidada,Oromo penetration into the region began in the mid-18th century.^[17]

In the first quarter of the 19th century, Arab traders arrived fromSennar, which was occupied byOttoman Egypt from 1821. These traders married into the Berta upper class and thus gained political influence. By the middle of the century, thewaṭāwiṭ, the descendants of Arabs and Berta, had become the new ruling class. They also began to spread Islam among the Berta. Various trade routes met in Benishangul, and local gold and Ethiopianamole (salt bars) were exchanged for slaves, cattle, horses, iron, civet, musk, coffee, ivory and honey (which also came from the Oromo areas ofSibu andLeeqaa). Luxury goods such as textiles and glass beads were imported viaSudan.^[15][14]

Later in the 19th century, Benishangul was affected by theMahdi uprising.^[13] In the late 19th century, Ethiopia, underMenelik II, annexed the Sultanates of Beni Shangul and Gubba (Qubba in Arabic) at the behest ofAbdallahi ibn Muhammad ofSudan who feared theBritish would occupy it.^[18] In 1898, Asosa became the political and economic capital.^[19] Until theItalian occupation of Ethiopia in the mid-1930s, the area supplied gold and slaves to the central government on a large scale. Slaves were also smuggled into Sudan across the border, which was established in 1902.^[14]

Under the regime ofMengistu Haile Mariam, who ruled Ethiopia from 1974, some 250,000 drought and famine-stricken peasants from the highlands—mostlyAmharas fromWollo province—were relocated to Benishangul-Gumuz from 1979 and especially in the mid-1980s.^[14][20]

Resistance to the Mengistu regime here came mainly from the Berta. In addition, theOromo Liberation Front (OLF) - supported by theEritrean People's Liberation Front, which in the meantime had advanced far south from Eritrea - also fought for the area in theEthiopian civil war in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The OLF tried to incorporate the local population as "black Oromo", but met with little support. The Berta rebels instead allied with theTigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which overthrew the Mengistu regime in 1991 with the coalitionEPRDF. As the Berta People's Liberation Movement^[21] orBenishangul People's Liberation Movement (BPLM), they - like theGambella People’s Liberation Movement of the Anuak in Gambella - were not accepted as full members of the EPRDF, but became regional partners of the new ruling coalition.^[13]

In 2019, theMetekel conflict began. In December 2019, about 200 people were killed in theMetekel massacre.

TheCSA of Ethiopia estimated in 2005 that farmers in Benishangul-Gumuz had a total of 307,820 head of cattle (representing 0.79% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 65,800 sheep (0.38%), 244,570 goats (1.88%), 1,770 mules (1.2%), 37,520 asses (1.5%), 732,270 poultry of all species (2.37%), and 166,130 beehives (3.82%).^[22]

Over 60% of this region is covered with forest, includingbamboo,eucalyptus andrubber trees, incense and gum forests as well as the indigenous species. However, due to increased population which has led to the widespread destruction of the canopy, authorities announced a campaign on 8 June 2007 to plant 1.5 million seedlings over the next two months to replenish this resource.^[23]

(This list is based on information fromWorldstatesmen.org, John Young,^[24] and theEthiopian News Agency website^[25])

Like other regions in Ethiopia, Benishangul-Gumuz is subdivided into administrative zones.

• Assosa
• Kamashi
• Metekel

There are 23 towns in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region

• List of districts in the Benishangul-Gumuz region
• Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

• Map of Benishangul-Gumuz Region at UN-OCHA^{[permanent dead link]}
• Map of Benishangul-Gumuz Region at DPPA of Ethiopia
• House of Federation Official Ethiopian Government List of Members

10°46′N35°32′E / 10.767°N 35.533°E /10.767; 35.533