Baker Island, once known asNew Nantucket in the early 19th century,^[1] is a small, uninhabitedatoll located just north of theEquator in the centralPacific Ocean, approximately 1,920 miles (3,090 kilometres) southwest ofHonolulu. Positioned almost halfway betweenHawaii and Australia, its closest neighbor isHowland Island, situated 42 mi (68 km) to thenorth-northwest. Both Baker and Howland Islands have been claimed asterritories of the United States since 1857, though theUnited Kingdom regarded them as part of theBritish Empire between 1897 and 1936 but did not actually annex them.^[2] They were not being used when a U.S. Colonization attempt was started in 1935, and the next year formal reassertion of U.S. sovereignty was issued. During WWII the Japanese Empire attacked the island, and it was evacuated and a small military base was established. The island was an important navigation beacon in the remote Pacific waters during and after WWII. In the 1970s it was made into a nature preserve and has remained so into the 21st century.

Baker Island

Nickname: New Nantucket
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service aerial view of Baker Island
Baker Island Location of Baker Island in the Pacific Ocean
Geography
Location	Pacific Ocean
Coordinates	0°11′45″N176°28′45″W / 0.19583°N 176.47917°W /0.19583; -176.47917
Area	2.1 km2 (0.81 sq mi)
Length	1.81 km (1.125 mi)
Width	1.13 km (0.702 mi)
Coastline	4.8 km (2.98 mi)
Highest elevation	8 m (26 ft)
Administration
United States
Status	Unincorporated
Demographics
Population	0 (2000)
Additional information
Time zone	International Date Line West (UTC−12:00)
Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge
IUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve)
Designated	1974
Website	www.fws.gov/refuge/baker-island

Covering an area of 0.81 sq mi (2.1 km²),^[3] with 3.0 mi (4.8 km) of coastline,^[3] Baker Island experiences anequatorialclimate, characterized by average temperatures around 80 °F (27 °C), minimal rainfall, persistent winds, and strong sunlight. Theterrain is flat and sandy, surrounded by a narrowfringing reef. Unlike many atolls, Baker Island lacks a centrallagoon, with its highest point being 26 ft (7.9 m) abovesea level.^[3][4]

Today, Baker Island is part of the Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge, anunincorporated and unorganized territory of the U.S. The island is managed by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and is visited annually forconservation purposes. Statistically, Baker Island is grouped with theUnited States Minor Outlying Islands and, along with Howland Island, is among the last places on Earth to experience theNew Year, operating in theUTC−12:00 time zone.It is one of the most remote U.S. possessions in the equatorial Pacific.^[5]

Howland and Baker are the last places on Earth to enter the new year, as they are just east of the International Date Line.^[6]

A cemetery and remnants from previous settlements are located near the middle of Baker Island's west coast, where the boat landing area is situated. There are noports orharbors on the island, and offshore anchorage is prohibited. The narrow, fringing reef surrounding Baker Island presents a significant maritime hazard, making access to the shore difficult. To aid in navigation, aday beacon is positioned near the site of the former village.^[7]

Baker Island's abandonedWorld War IIrunway, which measures 5,463 ft (1,665 m) in length, is now completely overgrown with vegetation and is unserviceable.^[8]

The United States asserts anexclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200nautical miles (370 km) and aterritorial sea of 12 nmi (22 km) around the Island.

During acolonization attempt from 1935 to 1942, Baker Island was likely operating on Hawaii time, which was then 10.5 hours behindUTC.^[9] Today, the island remains uninhabited, and its time zone is unspecified, though it falls within anautical time zone 12 hours behind UTC (UTC−12:00).

Baker Island was first discovered in 1818 by Captain Elisha Folger of theNantucketwhaling shipEquator, who named the island "New Nantucket". In August 1825, it was sighted again by CaptainObed Starbuck aboard theLoper, another Nantucket whaler. The island later took its name fromCaptain Michael Baker, who visited it in 1834.^[10] Some accounts suggest that Baker visited the island earlier, in 1832, and returned on August 14, 1839, aboard the whalerGideon Howland, where he reportedly buried an American seaman.^[11] Captain Baker formerly claimed the island in 1855 and subsequently sold his interest to a group that later established the American Guano Company.^[12][13]

The United States officially took possession of Baker Island in 1857 under theGuano Islands Act of 1856.^[14] The island'sguano deposits were mined by the American Guano Company from 1859 until 1878. Workers from various parts of the Pacific, including Hawaiʻi, were brought in for the mining operations. The Hawaiian laborers referred to Baker Island as "Puaka‘ilima", named after theilima flower.^[15] The scale of guano extraction can be illustrated by ship movements in late 1868, where several ships, including the British vesselMontebello and the American shipEldorado, transported tons of guano toLiverpool, England.^[16]

In February 1869, the British shipShaftsbury, captained by John Davies, waswrecked on Baker's Island reef after a sudden wind shift andsquall caused the ship to drag itsmoorings.^[17] Later that year, the American shipRobin Hood was destroyed by fire while loading guano.^[18]

During theAmerican Equatorial Islands Colonization Project,settlers set up temporary camps on Baker Island. On December 7, 1886, the American Guano Company sold its rights to the British firm John T. Arundel and Company. The company then used Baker Island as its headquarters for guano operations in the Pacific from 1886 to 1891. Believing that the U.S. had abandoned its claim, Arundel applied to theBritish Colonial Office in 1897 for a license to work the island. While the United Kingdom considered Baker Island a British territory, they never formallyannexed it. The U.S. reasserted its claim in the early 1920s, and after diplomatic discussions, they initiated the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project in 1935. In May 1936,Executive Order 7358 was issued to reaffirm U.S.sovereignty.^[19]

As part of the colonization effort, American settlers arrived on Baker Island aboard theUSCGCItasca, which also brought colonists to neighboring Howland Island, on April 3, 1935, establishing a settlement namedMeyerton to mine the guano deposits. The settlers built a lighthouse and dwellings and attempted to cultivate plants. However, most of these efforts were unsuccessful due to the island's harsh conditions, including its dry climate and the impact of seabirds.^[20] Meyerton's population was recorded as three American civilians in the 1940 U.S.Census.^[21] The settlement was eventually evacuated in 1942 following Japanese attacks during World War II, and the U.S. military forces subsequently occupied the island.^[22] The town was named for Captain H. A. Meyer,United States Army, who assisted in establishing living quarters andrainwater cisterns for the colonists. It was located on the west side of the island, at an elevation of 13 feet (4.0 m) above sea level.^[23]

On August 11, 1943, a U.S. Army defense force arrived on Baker Island as part of the broaderGilbert and Marshall Islands campaign during World War II. By September 1943, the Army had constructed a 5,463-foot (1,665 m) airfield on the island. This airfield served as a crucial staging base for theSeventh Air Force, allowingB-24 Liberator bombers to launch attacks on Japanese positions, includingMili Atoll in theMarshall Islands.^[25] Additionally, the45th Fighter Squadron operatedP-40 fighters from Baker Island's airfield from September 1 to November 27, 1943. However, the strategic importance of the airfield diminished quickly, and by January 1, 1944, it was abandoned as military operations shifted further west.^[26][27]

TheLORAN (Long Range Navigation) radio station on Baker operated from September 1944 until July 1946. This station, designated as Unit 91 with theradio call sign NRN-1, was a critical navigation aid for U.S. military operations in the Pacific during and immediately after World War II.^[28] LORAN stations like the one on Baker Island were part of a network used to assist ships and aircraft in determining their positions accurately, particularly in the vast and often featureless expanse of the Pacific Ocean.^[29]

Baker Island is devoid of naturalfresh water sources and receives minimal rainfall, making it anarid and inhospitable environment. The island, over 3700 feet wide, is remote and uninhabited despite its historical significance. It is designated as awildlife refuge and is characterized by sparse vegetation, including four types of grass,^[30]prostrate vines, and low-growingshrubs. The treeless landscape provides a crucial habitat for variousseabirds,waders, and marine wildlife.

Baker Island has been recognized as anImportant Bird Area (IBA) byBirdLife International due to its support for large breedingcolonies of seabirds, such aslesser frigatebirds,masked boobies andsooty terns. The island is home to over one million seabirds, including significant populations of albatrosses.^[31]Migratory waders, includingruddy turnstones,bar-tailed godwits,sanderlings, andPacific golden plovers, visit the island seasonally. Additionally,endangered species likegreen turtles andhawksbill turtles, as well asgray reef sharks,spinner dolphins,monk seals, andhermit crabs, can be found along the surrounding reef.^[32]

On June 27, 1974,Secretary of the InteriorRogers Morton established the Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge. In 2009, the refuge was expanded to include submerged lands extending 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the island's shoreline. The refuge now encompasses 531 acres (215 hectares) of land and 410,184 acres (165,996 hectares) of surrounding marine waters.^[33] Baker Island, along with six other islands, is managed by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex. In January 2009, this entity was redesignated as thePacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument by PresidentGeorge W. Bush.^[34] This was renamedPacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument in 2025.

Environmental challenges facing the refuge include remnants of abandoned military debris from World War II and the threat ofillegal fishing in offshore waters.^[35] Additionally,invasive species introduced by human activity, such ascockroaches andcoconut palms, have displaced native wildlife.Feral cats, which were first introduced to the island in 1937, were eradicated by 1965.^[36]

Public access to Baker Island is highly restricted and requires a special use permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Permits are typically granted only to scientists and educators. Although limited tour packages are available from early June to mid-August, unauthorized visits and activities such as swimming, fishing, and lighting fires are strictly prohibited. The atoll is only visited during daylight hours, andscuba diving is restricted to scientists affiliated with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Agency representatives visit the island approximately once every two years, often coordinating transportation with aNOAA vessel.^[37]

Debris from past human activity, particularly from the U.S. military's occupation of Baker Island during World War II, is scattered across the island and in the surrounding offshore waters. The most prominent remnant is the 5,400-by-150-foot (1,646-by-46-metre)airstrip, which is now completely overgrown with vegetation and is unusable.^[8] On the western coast of the island, a day beacon remains from the wartime era, although it has not been maintained since World War II. This beacon is now primarily used by albatross birds and hermit crabs for breeding, and it also serves as alandmark for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service during their infrequent visits to the atoll.

In the northeast section of the island, which appears to have been the main camp area during the military occupation, the remains of several buildings and heavy equipment are still visible. Five wooden antenna poles, each approximately 40 feet (12 metres) tall, continue to stand. Additionally, debris from several crashed aircraft, along with large equipment such asbulldozers, can be found both on the island and underwater.

Numerous bulldozer excavations containing remnants of metal, fuel, andwater drums are scattered throughout the north-central portion and along the island's northern edge. The U.S. Navy reported the loss of 11 landing craft in the surf during the wartime operations, contributing to the debris found in the waters surrounding the island.^[38]

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  Baker Island coastline with red-footed booby
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  Fish and Wildlife sign
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  Hermit crabs taking shade in day beacon
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  Settlement remains, radio mast in the background
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  Masked booby on gravestone
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  Brown noddies with radio masts in the background
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  Landing craft wreckage on Baker Island coast
•  
  Baker Island satellite image

• 64th Coast Artillery (United States)
• History of the Pacific Islands
• Howland and Baker Islands, includes coverage of the Howland-Baker EEZ
• List of Guano Island claims
• List of islands of the United States
• List of lighthouses in the United States Minor Outlying Islands
• Canton and Enderbury Islands (U.S.- U.K condominium)

• Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge
• Baker Island. This article incorporates material fromThe World Factbook 2000.