TheBaghdad Battery is the name given to a set of three artifacts which were found together: a ceramic pot, a tube of copper, and a rod of iron. It was discovered in present-dayKhujut Rabu,Iraq in 1936, close to the ancient city ofCtesiphon, the capital of theParthian (150 BC – 223 AD) andSasanian (224–650 AD) empires, and it is believed to date from either of these periods.

Its origin and purpose remain unclear.Wilhelm König, at the time director of the National Museum of Iraq, suggested that the object functioned as agalvanic cell, possibly used forelectroplating, or some kind ofelectrotherapy. There is no electroplated object known from this period, and the claims are universally rejected by archaeologists. An alternative explanation is that it functioned as a storage vessel for sacredscrolls.

Ten similar clay vessels had been found earlier. Four were found in 1930 inSeleucia dating to the Sassanid period. Three were sealed withbitumen and contained a bronze cylinder, again sealed, with a pressed-inpapyrus wrapper containing decomposed fiber rolls. They had been held in place with up to four bronze and iron rods sunk into the ground, and their cult meaning and use are inferred. Six other clay vessels were found nearby inCtesiphon. Some had bronze wrappers with badly decomposedcellulose fibers. Others had iron nails or lead plates.

The artifact disappeared in 2003 during the US-ledinvasion of Iraq.^[1]

The artifacts consist of aterracotta pot approximately 140 mm (6 in) tall, with a 38 mm (1.5 in) mouth, containing acylinder made of a rolledcopper sheet, which houses a singleiron rod. At the top, the iron rod is isolated from the copper bybitumen, with plugs or stoppers, and both rod and cylinder fit snugly inside the opening of the jar. The copper cylinder is not watertight, so if the jar were filled with a liquid, this would surround the iron rod as well. The artifact had been exposed to the weather and had suffered corrosion.

Austrian archeologistWilhelm König thought the objects might date to theParthian period, between 250 BC and AD 224. However, according toSt John Simpson of theNear Eastern department of theBritish Museum, theiroriginal excavation and context were not well-recorded, and evidence for this date range is very weak. Furthermore, the style of the pottery isSasanian (224–640).^[2][3]

Albert Al-Haik noted original reports from the 1936 dig at Khuyut Rabbou'a giving the location as an area northeast of Baghdad, "some two miles off the Baghdad eastern bund."^[4] W. B. Hafford gives context to the discovery of the artifacts in his reaction video to Milo Rossi's video on the subject.^[5][6]

Similar vessels, which can be distinguished primarily by their contents, had previously been found and examined more closely:

Four sealed clay vessels were excavated atSeleucia in 1930 under the archaeological direction of Leroy Waterman, University of Michigan.^[7] Three of these finds, dated to the late Sassanid period (5th to 6th centuries AD), were sealed with bitumen. These vessels contained a bronze cylinder, again sealed, with a pressed-in papyrus wrapper. Although writing could not be found on any of these largely decomposed fiber rolls, on the other hand these clay containers had been staked out with up to four metal rods made of bronze and iron sunk into the ground, their cult meaning and use are inferred.^[8] The fourth jar, also sealed, contained broken glass.

In 1931, a German-American excavation expedition led byErnst Kühnel found six more clay vessels in the immediately neighboringCtesiphon, including three sealed find objects, each with one, three and ten wrapped and sealed bronze rolls. Inside these bronze wraps were already badly decomposed cellulose fibers. Another clay vessel contained three sealed bronze cylinders. In the other two vessels, which were also sealed, there were plates of originally pure lead coated with lead carbonate in a find specimen; in the other ten heavily corroded iron nails, on which traces of a wrapped organic fiber material could be detected.^[9]

Its origin and purpose remain unclear.^[2] Wilhelm König was an assistant at theIraq Museum in the 1930s. He had observed a number of very fine silver objects from ancient Iraq, plated with very thin layers of gold, and speculated that they wereelectroplated. In 1938 he authored a paper^[10][11] offering the hypothesis that they may have formed agalvanic cell, perhaps used forelectroplatinggold ontosilver objects.^[2] This interpretation is rejected by archeologists and scientists.^[12]

Corrosion of the metal and tests both indicate that an acidic agent such as wine orvinegar was present in the jar.^[2] This led to speculation that the liquid was used as anacidicelectrolyte solution to generate anelectric current from the difference between theelectrode potentials of the copper and ironelectrodes.^[3]

After theSecond World War, Willard Gray demonstratedcurrent production by a reconstruction of the inferred battery design when filled withgrape juice. W. Jansen experimented withbenzoquinone (somebeetles producequinones) and vinegar in a cell and got satisfactory performance.^{[citation needed]}

In 1978, Arne Eggebrecht, a past director of theRoemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim reportedly reproduced the electroplating of gold onto a small statue. There are no (direct) written or photographic records of this experiment. In an article from the BBC, Dr Bettina Schmitz, a researcher based at the same museum, said, "There does not exist any written documentation of the experiments which took place here in 1978... The experiments weren't even documented by photos, which really is a pity...I have searched through the archives of this museum and I talked to everyone involved in 1978 with no results."^[2]

Though the iron rod did project outside of the asphalt plug, the copper tube did not, making it impossible to connect a wire to this to complete a circuit.^[13]

König himself seems to have been mistaken on the nature of the objects he thought were electroplated. They were apparentlyfire-gilded (withmercury). Paul Craddock of theBritish Museum said "The examples we see from this region and era are conventional gold plating and mercury gilding. There's never been any irrefutable evidence to support the electroplating theory".^[2]

David A. Scott, senior scientist at theGetty Conservation Institute and head of its Museum Research Laboratory, writes: "There is a natural tendency for writers dealing with chemical technology to envisage these unique ancient objects of two thousand years ago as electroplating accessories (Foley 1977), but this is clearly untenable, for there is absolutely no evidence for electroplating in this region at the time".^[14]

Paul T. Keyser of the University of Alberta noted that Eggebrecht used a more efficient, modern electrolyte, and that using only vinegar, or other electrolytes available at the time assumed, the battery would be very feeble, and for that and other reasons concludes that even if this was in fact a battery, it could not have been used for electroplating. However, Keyser still supported the battery theory, but believed it was used for some kind of mildelectrotherapy such as pain relief, possibly throughelectroacupuncture.^[3][15]

A bitumen seal, beingthermoplastic, would be extremely inconvenient for a galvanic cell, which would require frequent topping up of theelectrolyte for extended use.^[12][16][17]

The artifacts are similar to other objects believed to be storage vessels for sacredscrolls from nearbySeleucia on theTigris.^[18] The object was looted along with thousands of other artifacts from theNational Museum during the2003 invasion of Iraq.^[1]

In March 2012, Professor Elizabeth Stone ofStony Brook University, an expert on Iraqi archaeology, returning from the first archaeological expedition in Iraq after 20 years, stated that she does not know a single archaeologist who believed that these were batteries.^[19][20]

TheDiscovery Channel programMythBusters built replicas of the jars to see if it was possible for them to have been used for electroplating or electrostimulation. OnMythBusters'29th episode (23 March 2005), ten hand-made terracotta jars were fitted to act as batteries.Lemon juice was chosen as theelectrolyte to activate the electrochemical reaction between the copper and iron. Connected in series, the battery produced 4volts of electricity. When linked in series, the cells had sufficient power to electroplate a small token and to deliver current to acupuncture type needles for therapeutic purposes, but not enough to deliver an electric shock toMythBusters co-hostAdam Savage who was instead pranked by co-hosts who hooked him up to a 10,000 volt cattle fence shock generator.^[21] ArchaeologistKen Feder commented on the show noting that no archaeological evidence has been found either for connections between the jars (which would have been necessary to produce the required voltage) or for their use for electroplating.^[22]

• Coso artifact – Spark plug supposedly encased in a 500,000-year-old geode
• Dendera light – Motif in the Hathor temple in Egypt
• History of the battery
• Leyden jar – Antique electrical device that stores a high-voltage electric charge
• List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
• Out-of-place artifact – Objects that challenge historical chronology

• Dunning, Brian (September 11, 2018)."Skeptoid #640: Draining the Baghdad Battery".Skeptoid.
• Rossi, M. [@Miniminuteman] (2022-09-30).Awful Archaeology Ep. 6.5: The Baghdad Battery... Again? (YouTube video). Retrieved2023-05-09.