Atal Bihari Vajpayee^[1] (25 December 1924 – 16 August 2018) was an Indian poet, writer and statesman who served as theprime minister of India, first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from1999 to2004.^[2] He was the first non-Congress prime minister to serve a full term in the office. Vajpayee was one of the co-founders and a senior leader of theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was a member of theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), afar-rightHindu nationalistparamilitary volunteer organisation. He was also aHindi poet and a writer.^[3][4]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Official portrait, 1998
Prime Minister of India
In office 19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004
President	K. R. Narayanan A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Vice President	Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
Deputy	L. K. Advani (from 29 June 2002)
Preceded by	Inder Kumar Gujral
Succeeded by	Manmohan Singh
In office 16 May 1996 – 1 June 1996
President	Shankar Dayal Sharma
Vice President	K. R. Narayanan
Preceded by	P. V. Narasimha Rao
Succeeded by	H. D. Deve Gowda
Union Minister of External Affairs
In office 26 March 1977 – 28 July 1979
Prime Minister	Morarji Desai
Preceded by	Yashwantrao Chavan
Succeeded by	Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Union Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation
In office 1 July 2002 – 22 May 2004
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Maneka Gandhi
Succeeded by	Oscar Fernandes
In office 13 October 1999 – 1 September 2001
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Ministry opened
Succeeded by	Jagmohan
Parliamentary offices Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha In office 1991–2009 Preceded by Mandhata Singh Succeeded by Lalji Tandon Constituency Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh In office 1977–1984 Preceded by Mukul Banerjee Succeeded by K. C. Pant Constituency New Delhi,Delhi In office 1971–1977 Preceded by Ram Awtar Sharma Succeeded by N. K. Shejwalkar Constituency Gwalior,Madhya Pradesh In office 1967–1971 Preceded by Subhadra Joshi Succeeded by Chandra Bhal Mani Tiwari Constituency Balrampur,Uttar Pradesh In office 1957–1962 Succeeded by Subhadra Joshi Constituency Balrampur,Uttar Pradesh Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha In office 1986–1991 Constituency Madhya Pradesh In office 1962–1967 Constituency Uttar Pradesh
Party political offices President of the Bharatiya Janata Party In office 1980–1986 Preceded by Office established Succeeded by L. K. Advani President of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh In office 1968–1972 Preceded by Deendayal Upadhyaya Succeeded by L. K. Advani
Personal details
Born	(1924-12-25)25 December 1924 Gwalior,Gwalior State,British India (present-dayMadhya Pradesh, India)
Died	16 August 2018(2018-08-16) (aged 93) New Delhi,Delhi, India
Monuments	Sadaiv Atal
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party (from 1980)
Other political affiliations	Janata Party(1977–1980) Bharatiya Jana Sangh(1951–1977)
Alma mater	Victoria College,Gwalior (BA) DAV College, Kanpur (MA)[a]
Occupation	Politician poet writer
Awards	See below
Signature
a.^ At the time of graduation, it was affiliated withAgra University.

He was a member of theIndian Parliament for over five decades, having been elected ten times to theLok Sabha, the lower house, and twice to theRajya Sabha, the upper house. He served as theMember of Parliament fromLucknow, Gwalior, New Delhi and Balrampur constituencies, before retiring from active politics in 2009 due to health concerns. He was among the founding members of theBharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), of which he was president from 1968 to 1972. The BJS merged with several other parties to form theJanata Party, which won the1977 general election. In March 1977, Vajpayee became theminister of external affairs in the cabinet of Prime MinisterMorarji Desai. He resigned in 1979, and the Janata alliance collapsed soon after. Former members of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh formed the BJP in 1980, with Vajpayee as its first president.

Duringhis tenure as prime minister, India carried out thePokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998. Vajpayee sought to improvediplomatic relations with Pakistan,travelling to Lahore by bus to meet with Prime Minister,Nawaz Sharif. After the1999 Kargil War with Pakistan, he sought to restore relations through engagement with PresidentPervez Musharraf, inviting him to India for a summit atAgra. Vajpayee's government introduced manydomestic economic andinfrastructural reforms, including encouraging the private sector and foreign investments, reducinggovernmental waste, encouraging research and development, and the privatisation of some government owned corporations.^[5] During his tenure, India's security was threatened by a number of violent incidents including2001 Indian Parliament attack and2002 Gujarat riots which ultimately caused his defeat in2004 general election.

Vajpayee was conferred with thePadma Vibhushan in 1992, India's second highest civilian award by theGovernment of India. The administration ofNarendra Modi declared in 2014 that Vajpayee's birthday, 25 December would be marked asGood Governance Day. In 2015, he was honoured India's highest civilian honour -Bharat Ratna, by the thenPresident of India,Pranab Mukherjee. He died in 2018 due to age-related illness.

Vajpayee was born into aKanyakubja Brahmin family on 25 December 1924 inGwalior,Madhya Pradesh.^[6][7] His mother was Krishna Devi and his father was Krishna Bihari Vajpayee.^[8] His father was a school teacher inGwalior.^[9] His grandfather, Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated toMorena,Madhya Pradesh fromBateshwarUttar Pradesh.^[8] Later he shifted toGwalior from Morena for better opportunities.

Vajpayee did his primary schooling at the Saraswati Shishu Mandir,Gwalior and high school education from the Gorkhi School,Gwalior.^[10] He subsequently attended Gwalior's Victoria College, (nowMaharani Laxmi Bai Govt. College of Excellence) where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Hindi, English andSanskrit. Later for master's degree theScindia dynasty of erstwhileGwalior state sanctioned him monthly scholarship of Rs 75 and with this scholarship support he completed his post-graduation with a Master of Arts in political science fromDAV College, Kanpur,Agra University.^[7][11][12]

His activism started inGwalior with Arya Kumar Sabha, the youth wing of theArya Samaj movement, of which he became the general secretary in 1944. He also joined theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in 1939 as aswayamsevak, or volunteer inGwalior at the age of 12 years. Influenced byBabasaheb Apte, he attended the Officers Training Camp of the RSS during 1940 to 1944, becoming apracharak (RSS terminology for a full-time worker) in 1947. He gave up studying law due to thepartition riots. He was sent to Uttar Pradesh as avistarak (a probationarypracharak) and soon began working for the newspapers ofDeendayal Upadhyaya:Rashtradharma (a Hindi monthly),Panchjanya (a Hindi weekly), and the dailiesSwadesh andVeer Arjun.^[11][13][14]

By 1942, at the age of 16 years, Vajpayee became an active member of theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and joined it shakha inGwalior along with his elder brother. Although the RSS had chosen not to participate in theQuit India Movement, in August 1942, Vajpayee and his elder brother Prem were arrested for 24 days during the Quit India Movement. He was released after giving a written statement that while he was a part of the crowd, he did not participate in the militant events in Bateshwar on 27 August 1942. Throughout his life, including after he became prime minister, Vajpayee has labelled the allegation of participation in the Quit India Movement to be a false rumour.^[15]

In 1951, Vajpayee was seconded by the RSS, along withDeendayal Upadhyaya, to work for the newly formedBharatiya Jana Sangh, a Hindu right-wing political party associated with the RSS. He was appointed as a national secretary of the party in charge of the Northern region, based in Delhi. He soon became a follower and aide of party leaderSyama Prasad Mukherjee. In the1957 Indian general election, Vajpayee contested elections to theLok Sabha, the lower house of theIndian Parliament. He lost toRaja Mahendra Pratap inMathura, but was elected fromBalrampur.

He was influenced byJawaharlal Nehru to the extent that he mirrored his style, diction, and tone of his speeches.^[16][17] Nehru's influence was also evident in Vajpayee's leadership.^[18] In the Lok Sabha his oratorial skills so impressed Prime Minister Nehru that he predicted that Vajpayee would someday become the prime minister of India.^[19][20][21] On the occasion ofNehru's death on 27 May 1964, Vajpayee termed him as "the orchestrator of the impossible and inconceivable" and likened him to Hindu godRama.^[22][23]

Vajpayee's oratorial skills won him the reputation of being the most eloquent defender of the Jana Sangh's policies.^[24] After the death of Upadhyaya, the leadership of the Jana Sangh passed to Vajpayee.^[25] He became the national president of the Jana Sangh in 1968,^[26] running the party along withNanaji Deshmukh,Balraj Madhok andL. K. Advani.^[25]

Vajpayee was arrested along with several other opposition leaders during theInternal Emergency imposed by Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi in 1975.^[9][27] Initially interned inBangalore, Vajpayee appealed his imprisonment on the grounds of bad health, and was moved to a hospital in Delhi.^[28] In December 1976, Vajpayee ordered the student activists of theABVP to tender an unconditional apology to Indira Gandhi for perpetrating violence and disorder.^[29][30] The ABVP student leaders refused to obey his order.^[29][31]

Gandhi ended the state of emergency in 1977.^[32] A coalition of parties, including the BJS, came together to form theJanata Party, which won the1977 general elections.^[33]Morarji Desai, the chosen leader of the alliance, became the prime minister. Vajpayee served as theminister of external affairs, or foreign minister, in Desai's cabinet.^[34] As foreign minister, Vajpayee became the first person in 1977 to deliver a speech to theUnited Nations General Assembly in Hindi.^[34]

In 1979, Desai and Vajpayee resigned, triggering the collapse of the Janata Party.^[28][35] The erstwhile members of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh came together to form theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1980, with Vajpayee as its first President.^[36]

Leading up toOperation Bluestar, there were several protests bySangh Parivar, including a march led byLK Advani and Vajpayee of the Bhartiya Janta Party to protest against the lack of government action and to demand that theIndian Army be sent into theGolden Temple.^[37][38]

The 1984 general elections were held in the wake of Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards. While he had won the 1977 and the 1980 elections from New Delhi, Vajpayee shifted to his home town Gwalior for the election.^[39]

Vidya Razdan was initially tipped to be the Congress candidate. Instead,Madhavrao Scindia, scion of theGwalior royal family, was brought in on the last day of filing nominations.^[40] Vajpayee lost to Scindia, managing to secure only 29% of the votes.^[39]

Under Vajpayee, the BJP moderated the Hindu-nationalist position of the Jana Sangh, emphasising its connection to the Janata Party and expressing support forGandhian Socialism.^[41] The ideological shift did not bring it success and Indira Gandhi's assassination generated sympathy for the Congress, leading to a massive victory at the polls. The BJP won only two seats in parliament.^[41] Vajpayee offered to quit as party president following BJP's dismal performance in the election,^[42] but stayed in the post until 1986.^[43] He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1986 from Madhya Pradesh,^[44] and was briefly the leader of the BJP in Parliament.^[45]

In 1986,L. K. Advani took office as president of the BJP.^[46] Under him, the BJP returned to a policy of hardline Hindu nationalism.^[41] It became the political voice of theRam Janmabhoomi Mandir Movement, which sought to build a temple dedicated to the Hindu deityRama inAyodhya. The temple would be built at a site believed to be the birthplace of Rama after demolishing a 16th-century mosque, called theBabri Masjid, which then stood there.^[47] The strategy paid off for the BJP; it won 86 seats in the Lok Sabha in the1989 general election, making its support crucial to the government ofV. P. Singh.^[41] In December 1992, a group of religious volunteers led by members of the BJP, theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and theVishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP),tore down the mosque.^[48][24]

He served as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha, for various terms starting at Balrampur from 1957–1962. He served again from Balrampur from 1967–1971, then from Gwalior from 1971–1977, and then from New Delhi from 1977–1984. Finally, he served from Lucknow from 1991–2009.^[49]

During a BJP conference in Mumbai in November 1995, BJP President Advani declared that Vajpayee would be the party's prime ministerial candidate in the forthcoming elections. Vajpayee himself was reported to be unhappy with the announcement, responding by saying that the party needed to win the election first.^[50] The BJP became the single largest party in Parliament in the1996 general election, helped by religious polarisation across the country as a result of the demolition of the Babri Masjid.^[51][52] Indian presidentShankar Dayal Sharma invited Vajpayee to form the government.^[53] Vajpayee was sworn in as the 10th prime minister of India,^[54] but the BJP failed to muster a majority among members of the Lok Sabha. Vajpayee resigned after 16 days, when it became clear that he did not have enough support to form a government.^[54][55] In this short period, he also created and administered theMinistry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.

After the fall of the twoUnited Front governments between 1996 and 1998, the Lok Sabha was dissolved and fresh elections were held. The1998 general elections again put the BJP ahead of others. A number of political parties joined the BJP to form theNational Democratic Alliance (NDA), and Vajpayee was sworn in as the prime minister.^[56] The coalition was an uneasy one,^[33] as apart from theShiv Sena, none of the other parties espoused the BJP's Hindu-nationalist ideology.^[57] Vajpayee has been credited for managing this coalition successfully, while facing ideological pressure from the hardline wing of the party and from the RSS.^[28] Vajpayee's government lasted 13 months until mid-1999 when theAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) underJ. Jayalalithaa withdrew its support.^[58] The government lost the ensuing vote of confidence motion in the Lok Sabha by a single vote on 17 April 1999.^[59] As the opposition was unable to come up with the numbers to form the new government, the Lok Sabha was again dissolved and fresh elections were held.^[60]

In May 1998, India conductedfive underground nuclear tests in thePokhran desert inRajasthan, 24 years after its first nuclear test, operationSmiling Buddha in 1974. Two weeks later, Pakistan responded with its own nuclear tests making it the newest nation with declared nuclear capability.^[61] While some nations, such as France, endorsed India's right to defensive nuclear power,^[62] others including the United States, Canada, Japan, Britain and theEuropean Union imposed sanctions on information, resources and technology to India. In spite of intense international criticism and steady decline in foreign investment and trade, the nuclear tests were popular domestically. In effect, the international sanctions imposed failed to sway India from weaponising its nuclear capability. US sanctions against India and Pakistan were eventually lifted after just six months.^[63]

In late 1998 and early 1999, Vajpayee began a push for a full-scale diplomatic peace process with Pakistan. With the historic inauguration of the Delhi-Lahore bus service in February 1999, Vajpayee initiated a new peace process aimed towards permanently resolving the Kashmir dispute and other conflicts with Pakistan. The resultantLahore Declaration espoused a commitment to dialogue, expanded trade relations and mutual friendship and envisaged a goal of denuclearised South Asia. This eased the tension created by the 1998 nuclear tests, not only within the two nations but also in South Asia and the rest of the world.^[64][65]

The AIADMK had continually threatened to withdraw from the coalition and national leaders repeatedly flew down from Delhi to Chennai to pacify the AIADMK general secretaryJ. Jayalalithaa. However, in May 1999, the AIADMK withdrew from NDA, and the Vajpayee administration was reduced to a caretaker status pendingfresh elections scheduled for October 1999.^[66]

In May 1999 some Kashmiri shepherds discovered the presence of militants and non-uniformed Pakistani soldiers (many with official identifications andPakistan Army's custom weaponry) in the Kashmir Valley, where they had taken control of border hilltops and unmanned border posts. The incursion was centred around the town ofKargil, but also included theBatalik andAkhnoor sectors and artillery exchanges at theSiachen Glacier.^[67][68]

The Indian army responded with Operation Vijay, which launched on 26 May 1999. This saw the Indian military fighting thousands of militants and soldiers in the midst of heavy artillery shelling and while facing extremely cold weather, snow and treacherous terrain at the high altitude.^[69] Over 500 Indian soldiers were killed in the three-month-long Kargil War, and it is estimated around 600–4,000 Pakistani militants and soldiers died as well.^{[70][71][72][73]} India pushed back the Pakistani militants andNorthern Light Infantry soldiers. Almost 70% of the territory was recaptured by India.^[69] Vajpayee sent a "secret letter" to U.S. PresidentBill Clinton that if Pakistani infiltrators did not withdraw from the Indian territory, "we will get them out, one way or the other".^[74]

After Pakistan suffered heavy losses, and with both the United States and China refusing to condone the incursion or threaten India to stop its military operations, GeneralPervez Musharraf wasrecalcitrant andNawaz Sharif asked the remaining militants to stop and withdraw to positions along the LoC.^[75] The militants were not willing to accept orders from Sharif but theNLI soldiers withdrew.^[75] The militants were killed by the Indian army or forced to withdraw in skirmishes which continued even after the announcement of withdrawal by Pakistan.^[75]

The1999 general elections were held in the aftermath of the Kargil operations. The BJP-led NDA won 303 seats out of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha, securing a comfortable and stable majority.^[76] On 13 October 1999, Vajpayee took oath as the prime minister of India for the third time.^[77]

A national crisis emerged in December 1999, whenIndian Airlines flight IC 814 fromKathmandu to New Delhi was hijacked by five terrorists and flown toTaliban-ruled Afghanistan.^[78] The hijackers made several demands including the release of certain terrorists likeMasood Azhar from prison. Under pressure, the government ultimately caved in.Jaswant Singh, the then minister of external affairs, flew with the terrorists to Afghanistan and exchanged them for the passengers.^[79]

In March 2000,Bill Clinton, the President of the United States, paid a state visit to India.^[80] This was the first state visit to India by a U.S. president in 22 years, since President Jimmy Carter's visit in 1978.^[81] President Clinton's visit was hailed as a significant milestone in relations between the two nations.^[80] Vajpayee and Clinton had wide-ranging discussions on bilateral, regional and international developments.^[82] The visit led to expansion in trade and economic ties between India and the United States.^[83] A vision document on the future course of Indo-U.S. relations was signed during the visit.^[84]

Domestically, the BJP-led government was influenced by the RSS, but owing to its dependence on coalition support, it was impossible for the BJP to push items like building the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya, repealingArticle 370 which gave a special status to the state of Kashmir, or enacting auniform civil code applicable to adherents of all religions. On 17 January 2000, there were reports of the RSS and some BJP hard-liners threatening to restart the Jan Sangh, the precursor to the BJP, because of their discontent over Vajpayee's rule. Former president of the Jan Sangh Balraj Madhok had written a letter to the then-RSS chiefRajendra Singh for support.^[85] The BJP was, however, accused of "saffronising" the official state education curriculum and apparatus, saffron being the colour of the RSS flag of the RSS, and a symbol of the Hindu nationalism movement.^[86] Home Minister L. K. Advani and the Human Resource Development Minister (now called Education Minister)^[87]Murli Manohar Joshi were indicted in the 1992Babri Mosque demolition case for inciting a mob of activists. Vajpayee himself came under public scrutiny owing to his controversial speech one day prior to the mosque demolition.^[88]

These years were accompanied by infighting in the administration and confusion regarding the direction of government.^[89][90] Vajpayee's weakening health was also a subject of public interest, and he underwent a major knee-replacement surgery at theBreach Candy Hospital in Mumbai to relieve intense pressure upon his legs.^[91]

In March 2001, theTehelka group released a sting operation video namedOperation West End which showed BJP presidentBangaru Laxman, senior army officers and NDA members accepting bribes from journalists posing as agents and businessmen.^[92][93] The Defence MinisterGeorge Fernandes was forced to resign following theBarak Missile scandal involving the botched supplies of coffins for the soldiers killed in Kargil, and the findings of an inquiry commission that the government could have prevented the Kargil invasion.^[94]

Vajpayee initiated talks with Pakistan and invited Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf toAgra for ajoint summit. President Musharraf was believed to be the principal architect of the Kargil War in India.^[95] By accepting him as thePresident of Pakistan, Vajpayee chose to move forward leaving behind the Kargil War. But after three days of much fanfare, which included Musharraf visiting his birthplace in Delhi, the summit failed to achieve a breakthrough as President Musharraf declined to leave aside the issue of Kashmir.^[96]

On 13 December 2001, a group of masked, armed men with fake IDs stormedParliament House in Delhi.^[97] The terrorists managed to kill several security guards, but the building was sealed off swiftly and security forces cornered and killed the men who were later proven to be Pakistan nationals.^[98] Vajpayee ordered Indian troops to mobilise for war, leading to an estimated 500,000^[99] to 750,000^[100] Indian soldiers positioned along the international border between India and Pakistan under Operation Parakram. Pakistan responded by mobilising its own troops along the border leading to the2001-2002 military standoff.^[99] A terrorist attack on an army garrison in Kashmir in May 2002 further escalated the situation. As the threat of war between two nuclear capable countries and the consequent possibility of a nuclear exchange loomed large, international diplomatic mediation focused on defusing the situation.^[101] In October 2002, both India and Pakistan announced that they would withdraw their troops from the border.^[100]

The Vajpayee administration brought in thePrevention of Terrorism Act in 2002. The act was aimed at curbing terrorist threats by strengthening powers of government authorities to investigate and act against suspects.^[102][103] It was passed in a joint session of the parliament, amidst concerns that the law would be misused.^[104]

Another political disaster hit his government between December 2001 and March 2002 with the VHP and the Government engaging in a major standoff inAyodhya over theRam temple. On the 10th anniversary of the destruction of theBabri mosque, the VHP wanted to perform ashila daan, or a ceremony laying the foundation stone of the cherished temple at the disputed site.^[105] Thousands of VHP activists amassed and threatened to overrun the site and forcibly perform the ceremony.^[106][107] A threat of communal violence and breakdown of law and order owing to the defiance of the government by a religious organisation hung over the nation. The incident, however, ended peacefully with a symbolic handover of a stone at a different location 1 km away from the disputed site.^[108]

In February 2002, a train filled with Hindu pilgrims returning to Gujarat fromAyodhya stopped in the town ofGodhra. A scuffle broke out between Hindu activists and Muslim residents, and the train was set on fire, leading to the deaths of 59 people. The charred bodies of the victims were displayed in public in the city ofAhmedabad, and theVishwa Hindu Parishad called for a statewide strike in Gujarat. These decisions stoked anti-Muslim sentiments.^[109] Blaming Muslims for the deaths, rampaging Hindu mobs killed thousands of Muslim men and women, destroying Muslim homes and places of worship. The violence raged for more than two months, and more than 1,000 people died.^[110] Gujarat was being ruled by a BJP government, withNarendra Modi as the chief minister. The state government was criticised for mishandling the situation.^[111] It was accused of doing little to stop the violence, and even being complicit in encouraging it.^[112][110]

Vajpayee reportedly wanted to remove Modi but was eventually prevailed upon by party members to not act against him.^[113][114] He travelled to Gujarat, visiting Godhra, and Ahmedabad, the site of the most violent riots. He announced financial aid for victims and urged an end to the violence.^[115] While he condemned the violence,^[116] he did not chastise Modi directly in public. When asked as to what his message to the chief minister in the event of the riots would be, Vajpayee responded that Modi must followraj dharma, Hindi for ethical governance.^[115]

At the meeting of the BJP national executive in Goa in April 2002, Vajpayee's speech generated controversy for its contents which included him saying: "Wherever Muslims live, they don't like to live in co-existence with others."^[117][118] ThePrime Minister's Office stated that these remarks had been taken out of context.^[119] Vajpayee was accused of doing nothing to stop the violence, and later admitted mistakes in handling the events.^[120]K. R. Narayanan, thenpresident of India, also blamed Vajpayee's government for failing to quell the violence.^[121] After the BJP's defeat in the 2004 general elections, Vajpayee admitted that not removing Modi had been a mistake.^[122]

In late 2002 and 2003 the government pushed through economic reforms.^[123] The country's GDP growth exceeded 7% every year from 2003 to 2007, following three years of sub-5% growth.^[124] Increasing foreign investment,^[123] modernisation of public and industrial infrastructure, the creation of jobs, a rising high-tech and IT industry and urban modernisation and expansion improved the nation's international image. Good crop harvests and strong industrial expansion also helped the economy.^[125]

In May 2003, he announced before the parliament that he would make one last effort to achieve peace with Pakistan. The announcement ended a period of 16 months, following the 2001 attack on the Indian parliament, during which India had severed diplomatic ties with Pakistan.^[126] Although diplomatic relations did not pick up immediately, visits were exchanged by high-level officials and the military standoff ended. The Pakistani President and Pakistani politicians, civil and religious leaders hailed this initiative as did the leaders of the United States, Europe and much of the world. In July 2003, Prime Minister Vajpayee visited China and met with various Chinese leaders. He recognisedTibet as a part of China, which was welcomed by the Chinese leadership, and which, in the following year, recognisedSikkim as part of India.China–India relations improved greatly in the following years.^[127]

In 2003, news reports suggested a tussle within the BJP with regard to sharing of leadership between Vajpayee and Deputy Prime Minister LK Advani.^[128][129] BJP presidentVenkaiah Naidu had suggested that Advani must lead the party politically at the 2004 general elections, referring to Vajpayee asvikas purush, Hindi for development man, and Advani asloh purush, iron man.^[130] When Vajpayee subsequently threatened retirement, Naidu backtracked, announcing that the party would contest the elections under the twin leadership of Vajpayee and Advani.^[131]

The NDA was widely expected to retain power after the2004 general election. It announced elections six months ahead of schedule, hoping to capitalise on economic growth, and Vajpayee's peace initiative with Pakistan.^[132][133] The13th Lok Sabha was dissolved before the completion of its term. The BJP hoped to capitalise on a perceived 'feel-good factor' and BJP's recent successes in the Assembly elections in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh andChhattisgarh. Under the "India Shining" campaign, it released ads proclaiming the economic growth of the nation under the government.^[134][135]

However, the BJP could only win 138 seats in the 543-seat parliament,^[136] with several prominent cabinet ministers being defeated.^[133] The NDA coalition won 185 seats. The Indian National Congress, led bySonia Gandhi, emerged as the single largest party, winning 145 seats in the election. The Congress and its allies, comprising many smaller parties, formed theUnited Progressive Alliance, accounting for 220 seats in the parliament.^[136] Vajpayee resigned as prime minister.^[137] The UPA, with the outside support of communist parties, formed the next government withManmohan Singh as the prime minister.^[138]

Vajpayee's government introduced many domestic economic and infrastructural reforms, including encouraging the private sector and foreign investments, reducing governmental waste, encouraging research and development and privatisation of some government owned corporations.^[5] Among Vajpayee's projects were theNational Highways Development Project andPradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.^[139][140] In 2001, the Vajpayee government launched theSarva Shiksha Abhiyan campaign, aimed at improving the quality of education in primary and secondary schools.^[141][142]

In December 2005, Vajpayee announced his retirement from active politics, declaring that he would not contest in the next general election. In a famous statement at the BJP's silver jubilee rally at Mumbai'sShivaji Park, Vajpayee announced that "Henceforth,Lal Krishna Advani andPramod Mahajan will be theRam-Lakshman [the two godly brothers much revered and worshipped by Hindus of the BJP."^[143]

Vajpayee was referred to as theBhishma Pitamah of Indian politics by former prime minister Manmohan Singh during a speech in theRajya Sabha, a reference to the character in the Hindu epicMahabharata who was held in respect by two warring sides.^[144]

Vajpayee was hospitalised atAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi (AIIMS) for a chest infection and fever on 6 February 2009. He was put on ventilator support as his condition worsened but he eventually recuperated and was later discharged.^[145] Unable to participate in the campaign for the2009 general election due to his poor health, he wrote a letter urging voters to back the BJP.^[146] His protegeLalji Tandon was able to retain theLucknow seat in that election even though the NDA suffered electoral reverses all over the country. It was speculated that Vajpayee's non-partisan appeal contributed to Lalji's success in Lucknow in contrast to that BJP's poor performance elsewhere inUttar Pradesh.^[147]

Vajpayee remained a bachelor for his entire life.^[148] He adopted and raised Namita Bhattacharya as his own child, the daughter of longtime friendRajkumari Kaul and her husband B. N. Kaul. His adopted family lived with him.^[149]

Unlike puristBrahmins who shun meat and alcohol, Vajpayee was known to be fond ofwhisky and meat.^[150][151] He was a noted poet, writing in Hindi. Hispublished works includeKaidi Kaviraj Ki Kundalian, a collection of poems written during the 1975–1977 emergency, andAmar aag hai.^[152] With regard to his poetry he wrote

"My poetry is a declaration of war, not anexordium to defeat. It is not the defeated soldier's drumbeat of despair, but the fighting warrior's will to win. It is not the despirited voice of dejection but the stirring shout of victory."^[153]

Vajpayee had a stroke in 2009 which impaired his speech.^[154] His health had been a major source of concern; reports said he was reliant on a wheelchair and failed to recognise people. He also haddementia and long-termdiabetes. For many years, he had not attended any public engagements and rarely ventured out of the house, except for checkups at theAll India Institutes of Medical Sciences.^[154][155]

On 11 June 2018, Vajpayee was admitted to AIIMS in critical condition following a kidney infection.^[156][157] He was officially declared dead there at 5:05 pmIST on 16 August 2018 at the age of 93.^[158][159] Some sources claim that he had died on the previous day.^[160][161] A seven-day state mourning was announced by the central government throughout India. The national flag flew half-mast during this period.^[162]

•   India:
  •  Bharat Ratna (27 March 2015)^[163]
  •  Padma Vibhushan (1992)

•   Morocco:
  •  Order of Ouissam Alaouite,Grand Cordon (13 February 1999)^[163]
•   Bangladesh:
  •  Bangladesh Liberation War Honour (7 June 2015)^[164][165]

•  Kanpur University
  • Doctor of Letters (D. Lit.) (1993)^[7]

• 1994, Lokmanya Tilak Award^[7]
• 1994,Outstanding Parliamentarian Award^[7]
• 1994, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant Award^[7]

• In 2004, Vajpayee was named one of the100 Most Influential Persons by theTime Magazine.^[166]
• In 2012, Vajpayee was ranked number 9 inOutlook magazine's poll ofThe Greatest Indian.^[167]
• In August 2018, Naya Raipur was renamed asAtal Nagar.^[168][169]
• In October 2018, four Himalayan peaks nearGangotri Glacier;Atal I,Atal II,Atal III, andAtal IV were named after him.^[170]

Vajpayee authored several works of bothHindi poetry andprose. Some of his major publications are listed below. In addition to these, various collections were made of his speeches, articles, and slogans.^{[171][172][173]}

• National Integration (1961)^[174]
• New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy (1979)^[171]
• Gathbandhan Ki Rajniti^[175]
• Kuchh Lekh, Kuchh Bhashan (1996)^[176]
• Bindu-Bindu Vichar (1997)^[177]
• Decisive Days (1999)^[178]
• Sankalpakal (1999)^[179]
• Vichar-Bindu (Hindi Edition, 2000)^[171]
• India's Perspectives on ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific Region (2003)^[180]
• Na Dainyam Na Palayanam^[181]
• Nayi Chunauti : Naya Avasar^[182]

• Qaidi Kaviraj Ki Kundaliyan^[171]
• Amar Aag Hai (1994)^[171]
• Meri Ikyavan Kavitaen (1995)^[183] Some of these poems were set to music byJagjit Singh for his albumSamvedna.^[184]
• Kya Khoya Kya Paya: Atal Bihari Vajapeyi, Vyaktitva Aur Kavitaen (1999)^[185]
• Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India's Man of Destiny (2001)^[186]
• Twenty-One Poems (2003)^[187]
• Chuni Hui Kavitaen (2012)^[188]

An English translation of a selection of some of Vajpayee's Hindi poetry was published in 2013.^[189]

The administration ofNarendra Modi declared in 2014 that Vajpayee's birthday, 25 December, would be marked asGood Governance Day.^[190][191] The world's longest tunnel,Atal Tunnel atRohtang, Himachal Pradesh, on the Leh-Manali Highway was named after Atal Bihari Vajpayee.^[192] The third longest cable-stayed bridge in India over theMandovi River,Atal Setu was named in his memory.^[193] TheGovernment of Chhattisgarh changed the name ofNaya Raipur toAtal Nagar.^[194]

TheFilms Division of India has produced the short documentary filmsPride of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998) andKnow Your Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee (2003), both directed by Girish Vaidya, which explore different facets of his personality.^[195][196] Vajpayee also appears in a cameo in the 1977 IndianHindi-language filmChala Murari Hero Banne byAsrani.^[197]

Aap Ki Adalat, an Indian talk show which airs onIndia TV, featured an interview with Vajpayee just before the 1999 elections.^[198]Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired onABP News and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenureship of Vajpayee in the episodes "Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 13 days government and India during 1996–98", "Pokhran-II and Kargil War", and "2002 Gujarat Riots and Fall of Vajpayee Government".^[199]

Abhishek Choudhary wrote an original portrait of Hindutva's first prime minister inVAJPAYEE: The Ascent of the Hindu Right, 1924–1977.^[200] The book won the 2023 Tata Literature Live! First Book Award.^[201]

In 2019, Shiva Sharma and Zeeshan Ahmad, owners of Amaash Films, acquired the official rights of the bookThe Untold Vajpayee written by Ullekh N P, to make a biopic based on Vajpayee's life from his childhood, college life and finally turning into a politician.^{[202][203][204]}

Hindi-language film "Main Atal Hoon", starringPankaj Tripathi as Vajpayee, was theatrically released in India on 19 January 2024.^[205]

• List of prime ministers of India
• List of Indian writers
• List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients

• Profile – Govt. of India
• Profile atBBC News
• Appearances onC-SPAN
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee atIMDb
• Works by Atal Bihari Vajpayee atOpen Library