Anart film,art cinema, orarthouse film is typically anindependent film, aimed at aniche market rather than amass marketaudience.^[1] It is "intended to be a serious, artistic work, often experimental and not designed for mass appeal",^[2] "made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit",^[3] and containing "unconventional or highly symbolic content".^[4]

Film critics andfilm studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing "formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films".^[5] These qualities can include (among other elements) a sense ofsocial realism; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director; and a focus on the thoughts, dreams, or motivations of characters, as opposed to the unfolding of a clear, goal-driven story. Film scholarsDavid Bordwell andBarry Keith Grant describe art cinema as "afilm genre, with its own distinct conventions".^[6][7]

Art film producers usually present their films at special theaters (repertory cinemas or, in the U.S., art-house cinemas) and atfilm festivals. The termart film is much more widely used in North America, the United Kingdom, and Australia, compared tomainland Europe, where the termsauteur films andnational cinema (e.g. German national cinema) are used instead. Since they are aimed at small, niche-market audiences, art films rarely acquire the financial backing that would permit the large production budgets associated withwidely released blockbuster films. Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film, one that typically uses lesser-known film actors or even amateur actors, and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas, exploring new narrative techniques, and attempting new film-making conventions.

Such films contrast sharply with mainstreamblockbuster films, which are usually geared more towards linear storytelling and mainstream entertainment. Film criticRoger Ebert calledChungking Express, a critically acclaimed 1994 art film, "largely a cerebral experience" that one enjoys "because of what you know about film".^[8] That said, some art films may widen their appeal by offering certain elements of more familiar genres such asdocumentary orbiography. For promotion, art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics' reviews; discussion of the film by arts columnists, commentators, and bloggers; and word-of-mouth promotion by audience members. Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a small portion of mainstream audiences to become financially viable.

The forerunners of art films include Italian silent filmL'Inferno (1911),D. W. Griffith'sIntolerance (1916) and the works of Russian filmmakerSergei Eisenstein, who influenced the development of European cinema movements for decades.^[9][10][11] Eisenstein's filmBattleship Potemkin (1925) was a revolutionary propaganda film he used to test his theories of using film editing to produce the greatest emotional response from an audience. The international critical renown that Eisenstein garnered from this film enabled him to directOctober as part of a grand 10th anniversary celebration of theOctober Revolution of 1917. He later directedThe General Line in 1929. The film byAlexander DovzhenkoEarth (1930), filmed under the influence of Eisenstein, is defined by some critics as the pinnacle of art cinema.^[12]

Art films were also influenced by films by Spanishavant-garde creators, such asLuis Buñuel andSalvador Dalí (who madeL'Age d'Or in 1930), and by the French playwright and filmmakerJean Cocteau, whose 1932 avant-garde filmThe Blood of a Poet usesoneiric images throughout, including spinning wire models of a human head and rotating double-sided masks. In the 1920s, film societies began advocating the notion that films could be divided into "entertainment cinema directed towards a mass audience and a serious art cinema aimed at an intellectual audience". In England,Alfred Hitchcock andIvor Montagu formed a film society and imported films they thought were "artistic achievements", such as "Soviet films of dialectical montage, and the expressionist films of the Universum Film A.G. (UFA) studios in Germany".^[9]

Cinéma pur, a French avant-garde film movement in the 1920s and 1930s, also influenced the development of the idea of art film. Thecinema pur film movement included several notableDada artists. The Dadaists used film to transcend narrative storytelling conventions, bourgeois traditions, and conventional Aristotelian notions of time and space by creating a flexible montage of time and space.

Thecinema pur movement was influenced by German "absolute" filmmakers such asHans Richter,Walter Ruttmann andViking Eggeling. Richter falsely claimed that his 1921 filmRhythmus 21 was the firstabstract film ever created. In fact, he was preceded by the ItalianFuturistsBruno Corra andArnaldo Ginna between 1911 and 1912^[13] (as reported in theFuturist Manifesto of Cinema^[13]), as well as by fellow German artist Walter Ruttmann, who producedLichtspiel Opus 1 in 1920. Nevertheless, Richter's filmRhythmus 21 is considered an important early abstract film.

The first British "art cinema" was temporarily opened at the Palais de Luxe in London in 1929 byElsie Cohen. She went on to establish a permanent location at the Academy Cinema in Oxford Street in 1931.^[14]

Arthouse cinemas that specialized in the presentation of art films emerged on the east coast of the United States towards the end of the 1920s. Such cinemas were widespread in both the USA and Europe.^[15][16]

In the 1930s and 1940s, Hollywood films could be divided into the artistic aspirations of literary adaptations likeJohn Ford'sThe Informer (1935) andEugene O'Neill'sThe Long Voyage Home (1940), and the money-making "popular-genre films" such as gangster thrillers. William Siska argues that Italianneorealist films from the mid-to-late 1940s, such asOpen City (1945),Paisa (1946), andBicycle Thieves (1948) can be deemed as another "conscious art film movement".^[9]

In the late 1940s, the U.S. public's perception that Italian neorealist films and other serious European fare were different from mainstream Hollywood films was reinforced by the development of "arthouse cinemas" in major U.S. cities and college towns. After the Second World War, "...a growing segment of the American film going public was wearying of mainstream Hollywood films", and they went to the newly created art-film theaters to see "alternatives to the films playing in main-street movie palaces".^[5] Films shown in these art cinemas included "British, foreign-language, and independent American films, as well as documentaries and revivals of Hollywood classics". Films such as Rossellini'sOpen City and Mackendrick'sTight Little Island (Whisky Galore!),Bicycle Thieves andThe Red Shoes were shown to substantial U.S. audiences.^[5]

In the late 1950s,French filmmakers began to produce films that were influenced byItalian Neorealism^[17] andclassical Hollywood cinema,^[17] a style that critics called theFrench New Wave. Although never a formally organized movement, New Wave filmmakers were linked by their self-conscious rejection of classical cinematic form and their spirit of youthfuliconoclasm, and their films are an example ofEuropean art cinema.^[18] Many also engaged in their work with the social and political upheavals of the era, making their radical experiments with editing, visual style and narrative part of a general break with the conservative paradigm. Some of the most prominent pioneers among the group, includingFrançois Truffaut,Jean-Luc Godard,Éric Rohmer,Claude Chabrol, andJacques Rivette, began as critics for the film magazineCahiers du cinéma. Auteur theory holds that the director is the "author" of his films, with a personal signature visible from film to film.

The French New Wave movement continued into the 1960s. During the 1960s, the term "art film" began to be much more widely used in the United States than in Europe. In the U.S., the term is often defined very broadly to include foreign-language (non-English)"auteur" films,independent films,experimental films, documentaries and short films. In the 1960s, "art film" became aeuphemism in the U.S. for racy Italian and FrenchB-movies. By the 1970s, the term was used to describesexually explicit European films with artistic structure such as the Swedish filmI Am Curious (Yellow). In the U.S., the term "art film" may refer to films by modern American artists, includingAndy Warhol with his 1969 filmBlue Movie,^[19][20][21] but is sometimes used very loosely to refer to the broad range of films shown in repertory theaters or "art house cinemas". With this approach, a broad range of films, such as a 1960sHitchcock film, a 1970s experimental underground film, a European auteur film, a U.S. "independent" film, and even a mainstream foreign-language film (with subtitles) might all fall under the rubric of "art house films".

By the 1980s and 1990s, the term "art film" became conflated with "independent film" in the U.S., which shares many of the same stylistic traits. Companies such asMiramax Films distributedindependent films that were deemed commercially viable. When major motion-picture studios noted the niche appeal of independent films, they created special divisions dedicated to non-mainstream fare, such as theFox Searchlight Pictures division ofTwentieth Century Fox, theFocus Features division ofUniversal, theSony Pictures Classics division ofSony Pictures Entertainment, and theParamount Vantage division ofParamount. Film critics have debated whether films from these divisions can be considered "independent films", given they have financial backing from major studios.

In 2007, ProfessorCamille Paglia argued in her article "Art movies: R.I.P." that "[a]side fromFrancis Ford Coppola'sGodfather series, with its deft flashbacks and gritty social realism, ...[there is not]... a single film produced over the past 35 years that is arguably of equal philosophical weight or virtuosity of execution toBergman'sThe Seventh Seal orPersona". Paglia states that young people from the 2000s do not "have patience for the long, slow take that deep-think European directors once specialized in", an approach which gave "luxurious scrutiny of the tiniest facial expressions or the chilly sweep of a sterile room or bleak landscape".^[22]

According to director, producer, and distributorRoger Corman, the "1950s and 1960s was the time of the art film's greatest influence. After that, the influence waned. Hollywood absorbed the lessons of the European films and incorporated those lessons into their films." Corman states that "viewers could see something of the essence of the European art cinema in the Hollywood movies of the seventies... [and so], art film, which was never just a matter of European cinema, increasingly became an actual world cinema—albeit one that struggled to gain wide recognition". Corman notes that, "Hollywood itself has expanded, radically, its aesthetic range... because the range of subjects at hand has expanded to include the very conditions of image-making, of movie production, of the new and prismatic media-mediated experience of modernity. There's a new audience that has learned about art films at the video store." Corman states that "there is currently the possibility of a rebirth" of American art film.^[23]

Film scholar David Bordwell outlined the academic definition of "art film" in a 1979 article entitled "The Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice", which contrasts art films with the mainstream films of classical Hollywood cinema. Mainstream Hollywood-style films use a clear narrative form to organize the film into a series of "causally related events taking place in space and time", with every scene driving towards a goal. The plot of mainstream films is driven by a well-defined protagonist, fleshed out with clear characters, and strengthened with "question-and-answer logic, problem-solving routines, [and] deadline plot structures". The film is then tied together with fast pacing, a musical soundtrack to cue the appropriate audience emotions, and tight, seamless editing.^[6]

In contrast, Bordwell states that "the art cinema motivates its narrative by two principles:realism and authorial expressiveness". Art films deviate from the mainstream "classical" norms of film making in that they typically deal with more episodic narrative structures with a "loosening of the chain of cause and effect".^[6]

Mainstream films also deal with moral dilemmas or identity crises, but these issues are usually resolved by the end of the film. In art films, the dilemmas are probed and investigated in a pensive fashion, but usually without a clear resolution at the end of the film.^[24]

The story in an art film often has a secondary role to character development and exploration of ideas through lengthy sequences of dialogue. If an art film has a story, it is usually a drifting sequence of vaguely defined or ambiguous episodes. There may be unexplained gaps in the film, deliberately unclear sequences, or extraneous sequences that are not related to previous scenes, which force the viewer to subjectively make their own interpretation of the film's message. Art films often "bear the marks of a distinctive visual style" and theauthorial approach of the director.^[25] An art cinema film often refuses to provide a "readily answered conclusion", instead putting to the cinema viewer the task of thinking about "how is the story being told? Why tell the story in this way?"^[26]

Bordwell claims that "art cinema itself is a [film] genre, with its own distinct conventions".^[7] Film theoristRobert Stam also argues that "art film" is a film genre. He claims that a film is considered to be an art film based on artistic status in the same way film genres can be based on aspects of films such as their budgets (blockbuster films orB-movies) or their star performers (Adam Sandler films).^[27]

There are scholars who point out that mass market films such as those produced in Hollywood appeal to a less discerning audience.^[28] This group then turns to film critics as a cultural elite that can help steer them towards films that are more thoughtful and of a higher quality. To bridge the disconnect between popular taste and high culture, these film critics are expected to explain unfamiliar concepts and make them appealing to cultivate a more discerning movie-going public. For example, a film critic can help the audience—through their reviews—think seriously about films by providing the terms of analysis of these art films.^[29] Adopting an artistic framework of film analysis and review, these film critics provide viewers with a different way to appreciate what they are watching. So when controversial themes are explored, the public will not immediately dismiss or attack the movie where they are informed by critics of the film's value such as how it depicts realism. Here, art theaters or art houses that exhibit art films are seen as "sites of cultural enlightenment" that draw critics and intellectual audiences alike. It serves as a place where these critics can experience culture and an artistic atmosphere where they can draw insights and material.

The following list is a small, partial sample of films with "art film" qualities, compiled to give a general sense of what directors and films are considered to have "art film" characteristics. The films in this list demonstrate one or more of the characteristics of art films: a serious, non-commercial, or independently made film that is not aimed at a mass audience. Some of the films on this list are also considered to be "auteur" films, independent films, orexperimental films. In some cases, critics disagree over whether a film is mainstream or not. For example, while some critics calledGus Van Sant'sMy Own Private Idaho (1991) an "exercise in film experimentation" of "high artistic quality",^[30]The Washington Post called it an ambitious mainstream film.^[31] Some films on this list have most of these characteristics; other films are commercially made films, produced by mainstream studios, that nevertheless bear the hallmarks of a director's "auteur" style, or which have an experimental character. The films on this list are notable either because they won major awards or critical praise from influential film critics, or because they introduced an innovative narrative or film-making technique.

In the 1920s and 1930s, filmmakers did not set out to make "art films", and film critics did not use the term "art film". However, there were films that had sophisticated aesthetic objectives, such asCarl Theodor Dreyer'sThe Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) andVampyr (1932), surrealist films such as Luis Buñuel'sUn chien andalou (1929) andL'Âge d'Or (1930), or even films dealing with political and current-event relevance such asSergei Eisenstein's famed and influential masterpieceBattleship Potemkin. The U.S. filmSunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927) byGerman Expressionist directorF. W. Murnau uses distortedart design and groundbreaking cinematography to create an exaggerated, fairy-tale-like world rich with symbolism and imagery.Jean Renoir's filmThe Rules of the Game (1939) is acomedy of manners that transcends the conventions of its genre by creating a biting and tragic satire of French upper-class society in the years before WWII; a poll of critics fromSight & Sound ranked it as the fourth greatest film ever, placing it behindVertigo,Citizen Kane andTokyo Story.^[32]

Some of these early, artistically oriented films were financed by wealthy individuals rather than film companies, particularly in cases where the content of the film was controversial or unlikely to attract an audience. In the late 1940s, UK directorMichael Powell andEmeric Pressburger madeThe Red Shoes (1948), a film about ballet, which stood out from mainstream-genre films of the era. In 1945,David Lean directedBrief Encounter, an adaptation ofNoël Coward's playStill Life, which observes a passionate love affair between an upper-class man and a middle-class woman amidst the social and economic issues that Britain faced at the time.

In the 1950s, some of the well-known films with artistic sensibilities includeLa Strada (1954), a film about a young woman who is forced to go to work for a cruel and inhumane circus performer to support her family, and eventually comes to terms with her situation; Carl Theodor Dreyer'sOrdet (1955), centering on a family with a lack of faith, but with a son who believes that he isJesus Christ and convinced that he is capable of performing miracles;Federico Fellini'sNights of Cabiria (1957), which deals with a prostitute's failed attempts to find love, her suffering and rejection;Wild Strawberries (1957), by Ingmar Bergman, whose narrative concerns an elderly medical doctor, who is also a professor, whose nightmares lead him to re-evaluate his life; andThe 400 Blows (1959) by François Truffaut, whose main character is a young man trying to come of age despite abuse from his parents, schoolteachers, and society, this film is the first big step in theFrench New Wave and for cinema, it showed that films can be made with little money, amateur actors, and a small crew. In Poland, theKhrushchev Thaw permitted some relaxation of the regime's cultural policies, and productions such asA Generation,Kanal,Ashes and Diamonds,Lotna (1954–1959), all directed byAndrzej Wajda, showed thePolish Film School style.

InIndia, there was an art-film movement inBengali cinema known as "Parallel Cinema" or "Indian New Wave". This was an alternative to the mainstream commercial cinema. It was known for its serious content,realism and naturalism, with a keen eye on the social-political climate of the times. This movement is distinct from mainstream commercial cinema and began around the same time asFrench andJapanese New Wave. The most influential filmmakers involved in this movement wereSatyajit Ray,Mrinal Sen andRitwik Ghatak. Some of the most internationally acclaimed films made in the period wereThe Apu Trilogy (1955–1959), a trio of films that tell the story of a poor country boy's growth to adulthood, andSatyajit Ray'sDistant Thunder (1973), which tells the story of a farmer during afamine in Bengal.^[33][34] Other acclaimedBengali filmmakers involved in this movement includeRituparno Ghosh,Aparna Sen andGoutam Ghose.

Japanese filmmakers produced a number of films that broke with convention.Akira Kurosawa'sRashomon (1950), the first Japanese film to be widely screened in the West, depicts four witnesses' contradictory accounts of a rape and murder. In 1952, Kurosawa directedIkiru, a film about a Tokyo bureaucrat struggling to find a meaning for his life.Tokyo Story (1953), byYasujirō Ozu, explores social changes of the era by telling the story of an aging couple who travel to Tokyo to visit their grown children, but find the children are too self-absorbed to spend much time with them.Seven Samurai (1954), by Kurosawa, tells the story of a farming village that hires seven master-less samurais to combat bandits.Fires on the Plain (1959), byKon Ichikawa, explores the Japanese experience in World War II by depicting a sick Japanese soldier struggling to stay alive.Ugetsu (1953), byKenji Mizoguchi, is a ghost story set in the late 16th century, which tells the story of peasants whose village is in the path of an advancing army. A year later, Mizoguchi directedSansho the Bailiff (1954), which tells the story of two aristocratic children sold into slavery; in addition to dealing with serious themes such as the loss of freedom, the film features beautiful images and long, complicated shots.

The 1960s was an important period in art film, with the release of a number of groundbreaking films giving rise to the European art cinema. Jean-Luc Godard'sÀ bout de souffle (Breathless) (1960) used innovative visual and editing techniques such asjump cuts andhand-held camera work. Godard, a leading figure of the French New Wave, would continue to make innovative films throughout the decade, proposing a whole new style of film-making. Following the success ofBreathless, Godard made two more very influential films,Contempt in 1963, which it shown his view on studio filmmaking system, beautiful long take, and film within film, andPierrot le fou in 1965, which it is a mash of mash of crime and romance films with and his anti Hollywood style.Jules et Jim, by François Truffaut, deconstructed a complex relationship of three individuals through innovative screenwriting, editing, and camera techniques. Italian directorMichelangelo Antonioni helped revolutionize filmmaking with such films asL'Avventura (1960), influential for its landscape photography and framing techniques, follows the disappearance of a young upper-class woman during a boating trip, and the subsequent search by her lover and her best friend;La Notte (1961), a complex examination of a failed marriage that dealt with issues such asanomie and sterility;Eclipse (1962), about a young woman who is unable to form a solid relationship with her boyfriend because of his materialistic nature;Red Desert (1964), his first colour film, which deals with the need to adapt to the modern world; andBlowup (1966), his first English-language film, which examines issues of perception and reality as it follows a young photographer's attempt to discover whether he had photographed a murder.

Swedish director Ingmar Bergman began the 1960s with chamber pieces such asWinter Light (1963) andThe Silence (1963), which deal with such themes as emotional isolation and a lack of communication. His films from the second half of the decade, such asPersona (1966),Shame (1968), andA Passion (1969), deal with the idea of film as an artifice. The intellectual and visually expressive films ofTadeusz Konwicki, such asAll Souls' Day (Zaduszki, 1961) andSalto (1962), inspired discussions about war and raised existential questions on behalf of their everyman protagonists.

Federico Fellini'sLa Dolce Vita (1960) depicts a succession of nights and dawns in Rome as witnessed by a cynical journalist, this film is a bridge between his previousItalian neorealist style and his latersurrealist style. In 1963, Fellini made8½, an exploration of creative, marital and spiritual difficulties, filmed in black-and-white by cinematographerGianni di Venanzo. The 1961 filmLast Year at Marienbad by directorAlain Resnais examines perception and reality, using grand tracking shots that became widely influential.Robert Bresson'sAu hasard Balthazar (1966) andMouchette (1967) are notable for their naturalistic, elliptical style. Spanish director Luis Buñuel also contributed heavily to the art of film with shocking, surrealist satires such asViridiana (1961) andThe Exterminating Angel (1962).

Russian directorAndrei Tarkovsky's filmAndrei Rublev (1966) is a portrait of the medieval Russianicon painter of the same name. The film is also about artistic freedom and the possibility and necessity of making art for, and in the face of, a repressive authority. A cut version of the film was shown at the1969 Cannes Film Festival, where it won theFIPRESCI prize.^[35] At the end of the decade,Stanley Kubrick's2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) wowed audiences with its scientific realism, pioneering use of special effects, and unusual visual imagery. In 1969, Andy Warhol releasedBlue Movie, the first adult art film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.^[19][20][21] According to Warhol,Blue Movie was a major influence in the making ofLast Tango in Paris, an internationally controversial erotic art film, directed byBernardo Bertolucci and released a few years afterBlue Movie was made.^[21] In SovietArmenia,Sergei Parajanov'sThe Color of Pomegranates, in whichGeorgian actressSofiko Chiaureli plays five different characters, was banned by Soviet authorities, unavailable in the West for a long period, and praised by criticMikhail Vartanov as "revolutionary";^[36] and in the early 1980s,Les Cahiers du Cinéma placed the film in its top 10 list.^[37] In 1967, inSoviet Georgia, influential Georgian film directorTengiz Abuladze directedVedreba (Entreaty), which was based on the motifs ofVaja-Pshavela's literary works, where story is told in a poetic narrative style, full of symbolic scenes with philosophical meanings. In Iran,Dariush Mehrjui'sThe Cow (1969), about a man who becomes insane after the death of his beloved cow, sparked the new wave ofIranian cinema.

PuppeteerJim Henson had an arthouse success with his 1965 Oscar-nominated non-Muppet shortTime Piece.^[38]

In the early 1970s, directors shocked audiences with violent films such asA Clockwork Orange (1971), Stanley Kubrick's brutal exploration of futuristic youth gangs, andLast Tango in Paris (1972),Bernardo Bertolucci's taboo-breaking, sexually-explicit and controversial film. At the same time, other directors made more introspective films, such asAndrei Tarkovsky's meditative science fiction filmSolaris (1972), supposedly intended as a Soviet riposte to2001. In 1975 and 1979 respectively, Tarkovsky directed two other films, which garnered critical acclaim overseas:Mirror andStalker.Terrence Malick, who directedBadlands (1973) andDays of Heaven (1978), shared many traits with Tarkovsky, such as his long, lingering shots of natural beauty, evocative imagery, and poetic narrative style.

Another feature of 1970s art films was the return to prominence of bizarre characters and imagery; which abound in the tormented, obsessed title character inGerman New Wave directorWerner Herzog'sAguirre, the Wrath of God (1973), and incult films such asAlejandro Jodorowsky's psychedelicThe Holy Mountain (1973) about a thief and an alchemist seeking the mythicalLotus Island.^[39] The filmTaxi Driver (1976), byMartin Scorsese, continues the themes thatA Clockwork Orange explored: an alienated population living in a violent, decaying society. The gritty violence and seething rage of Scorsese's film contrasts other films released in the same period, such asDavid Lynch's dreamlike, surreal and industrial black and white classicEraserhead (1977).^[40] In 1974,John Cassavetes offered a sharp commentary on American blue-collar life inA Woman Under the Influence, which features an eccentric housewife slowly descending into madness.^[41]

Also in the 1970s,Radley Metzger directed several adult art films, such asBarbara Broadcast (1977), which presented asurrealistic "Buñellian" atmosphere,^[42] andThe Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976), based on the playPygmalion byGeorge Bernard Shaw (and its derivative,My Fair Lady), which was considered, according to award-winning authorToni Bentley, to be the "crown jewel" of theGolden Age of Porn,^[43][44] an era in modern American culture that was inaugurated by the release of Andy Warhol'sBlue Movie (1969) and featured the phenomenon of "porno chic"^[45][46] in whichadult erotic films began to obtain wide release, were publicly discussed by celebrities (such asJohnny Carson andBob Hope)^[47] and taken seriously by film critics (such asRoger Ebert).^[48][49]

In 1980, directorMartin Scorsese gave audiences, who had become used to the escapist blockbuster adventures ofSteven Spielberg andGeorge Lucas, the gritty, harsh realism of his filmRaging Bull. In this film, actorRobert De Niro tookmethod acting to an extreme to portray a boxer's decline from a prizewinning young fighter to an overweight, "has-been" nightclub owner.Ridley Scott'sBlade Runner (1982) could also be seen as a science fiction art film, along with2001: A Space Odyssey (1968).Blade Runner explores themes ofexistentialism, or what it means to be human. A box-office failure, the film became popular on the arthouse circuit as acult oddity after the release of a "director's cut" became successful viaVHS home video. In the middle of the decade, Japanese director Akira Kurosawa used realism to portray the brutal, bloody violence of Japanese samurai warfare of the 16th century inRan (1985).Ran followed the plot ofKing Lear, in which an elderly king is betrayed by his children.Sergio Leone also contrasted brutal violence with emotional substance in his epic tale of mobster life inOnce Upon a Time in America.

Other directors in the 1980s chose a more intellectual path, exploring philosophical and ethical issues likeAndrzej Wajda'sMan of Iron (1981), a critique of the Polish communist government, which won the 1981Palme d'Or at theCannes Film Festival. Another Polish director,Krzysztof Kieślowski, madeThe Decalogue for television in 1988, a film series that explores ethical issues and moral puzzles. Two of these films were released theatrically asA Short Film About Love andA Short Film About Killing. In 1989,Woody Allen made, in the words ofNew York Times criticVincent Canby, his most "securely serious and funny film to date",Crimes and Misdemeanors, which involves multiple stories of people who are trying to find moral and spiritual simplicity while facing dire issues and thoughts surrounding the choices they make. French directorLouis Malle chose another moral path to explore with the dramatization of his real-life childhood experiences inAu revoir les enfants, which depicts the occupying Nazi government's deportation of French Jews to concentration camps during World War II.

Another critically praised art film from this era,^[50]Wim Wenders's road movieParis, Texas (1984), also won the Palme d'Or.^[51][52][53]

Kieślowski was not the only director to transcend the distinction between the cinema and television.Ingmar Bergman madeFanny and Alexander (1982), which was shown on television in an extended five-hour version. In the United Kingdom,Channel 4, a new television channel, financed, in whole or in part, many films released theatrically through itsFilm 4 subsidiary.Wim Wenders offered another approach to life from a spiritual standpoint in his 1987 filmWings of Desire, a depiction of a "fallen angel" who lives among men, which won theBest Director Award at theCannes Film Festival.

In 1982, experimental directorGodfrey Reggio released the surprise arthouse hitKoyaanisqatsi; a film without dialogue, which emphasizes cinematography (consisting primarily ofslow motion andtime-lapse cinematography of cities and natural landscapes, which results in a visualtone poem) and philosophical ideology about technology and the environment.^[54][55][56]

Another approach used by directors in the 1980s was to create bizarre, surreal alternative worlds.Martin Scorsese'sAfter Hours (1985) is a comedy-thriller that depicts a man's baffling adventures in a surreal nighttime world of chance encounters with mysterious characters.David Lynch'sBlue Velvet (1986), afilm noir-style thriller-mystery filled with symbolism and metaphors about polarized worlds and inhabited by distorted characters who are hidden in the seamy underworld of a small town, became surprisingly successful considering its highly disturbing subject matter.Peter Greenaway'sThe Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989) is a fantasy/black comedy aboutcannibalism and extreme violence with an intellectual theme: a critique of "elite culture" inThatcherian Britain.

According toRaphaël Bassan, in his article "The Angel: Un météore dans le ciel de l'animation",^[57]Patrick Bokanowski'sThe Angel, shown at the1982 Cannes Film Festival, can be considered the beginning of contemporary animation. The characters' masks erase all human personality and give the impression of total control over the "matter" of the image and its optical composition, using distorted areas, obscure visions, metamorphoses, and synthetic objects.

In 1989,Hou Hsiao-hsien'sA City of Sadness became the firstTaiwanese film awarded theGolden Lion at theVenice Film Festival. The film shows the history of Taiwan through one family, and marks another step of the Taiwanese New Wave, which tends to depict realistic, down-to-earth life in both urban and rural Taiwan.

In the 1990s, directors took inspiration from the success ofDavid Lynch'sBlue Velvet (1986) andPeter Greenaway'sThe Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989) and created films with bizarre alternative worlds and elements of surrealism. Japanese director Akira Kurosawa'sDreams (1990) depicted his imaginative reveries in a series of vignettes that range from idyllic pastoral country landscapes to horrific visions of tormented demons and a blighted post-nuclear war landscape. TheCoen Brothers'Barton Fink (1991), which won thePalme d'Or at theCannes Film Festival, features various literary allusions in an enigmatic story about a writer who encounters a range of bizarre characters, including an alcoholic, abusive novelist and a serial killer.Lost Highway (1997), from the same director asBlue Velvet, is a psychologicalthriller that explores fantasy worlds, bizarre time-space transformations, and mental breakdowns using surreal imagery.

Other directors in the 1990s explored philosophical issues and themes such as identity, chance, death, and existentialism.Gus Van Sant'sMy Own Private Idaho (1991) andWong Kar-wai'sChungking Express (1994) explored the theme of identity. The former is an independent road movie/buddy film about two young street hustlers, which explores the theme of the search for home and identity. It was called a "high-water mark in '90s independent film",^[58] a "stark, poetic rumination",^[59] and an "exercise in film experimentation"^[60] of "high artistic quality".^[30]Chungking Express^[61] explores themes of identity, disconnection, loneliness, and isolation in the "metaphoric concrete jungle" of modern Hong Kong.Todd Haynes explored the life of a suburban housewife and her eventual death from toxic materials in the 1995 critical success,Safe.^[62]

In 1991, another important film ofEdward Yang, a Taiwanese New Wave director,A Brighter Summer Day is portrayal of one normal teenager life that evacuated from China to Taiwan which affacted by political situation, school situation, and family situation that make a main protagonist murders a girl in the end. In 1992,Rebels of the Neon God, first feature film ofTsai Ming-liang, second generation of Taiwanese New Wave, it has his unique style of filmmaking like alienation, slow movement of actor (his recurring cast,Lee Kang-sheng), slow-paced, and a few dialogues.

Daryush Shokof's filmSeven Servants (1996) is an original high art cinema piece about a man who strives to "unite" the world's races until his last breath. One year afterSeven Servants,Abbas Kiarostami's filmTaste of Cherry (1997),^[63] which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, tells a similar tale with a different twist; both films are about a man trying to hire a person to bury him after he commits suicide.Seven Servants was shot in a minimalist style, with long takes, a leisurely pace, and long periods of silence. The film is also notable for its use of long shots and overhead shots to create a sense of distance between the audience and the characters.Zhang Yimou's early 1990s works such asJu Dou (1990),Raise the Red Lantern (1991),The Story of Qiu Ju (1992) andTo Live (1994) explore human emotions through poignant narratives.To Live won the Grand Jury Prize.

Several 1990s films explored existentialist-oriented themes related to life, chance, and death.Robert Altman'sShort Cuts (1993) explores themes of chance, death, and infidelity by tracing 10 parallel and interwoven stories. The film, which won theGolden Lion and the Volpi Cup at theVenice Film Festival, was called a "many-sided, many mooded, dazzlingly structured eclectic jazz mural" byChicago Tribune critic Michael Wilmington.Krzysztof Kieślowski'sThe Double Life of Véronique (1991) is a drama about the theme of identity and a political allegory about the East/West split in Europe; the film features stylised cinematography, an ethereal atmosphere, and unexplained supernatural elements.

Darren Aronofsky's filmPi (1998) is an "incredibly complex and ambiguous film filled with both incredible style and substance" about a paranoid mathematician's "search for peace".^[64] The film creates aDavid Lynch-inspired "eerieEraserhead-like world"^[65] shot in "black-and-white, which lends a dream-like atmosphere to all of the proceedings" and explores issues such as "metaphysics and spirituality".^[66]Matthew Barney'sThe Cremaster Cycle (1994–2002) is a cycle of five symbolic, allegorical films that creates a self-enclosed aesthetic system, aimed to explore the process of creation. The films are filled with allusions to reproductive organs and sexual development, and use narrative models drawn from biography, mythology, and geology.

In 1997,Terrence Malick returned from a 20-year absence withThe Thin Red Line, a war film that uses poetry and nature to stand apart from typical war movies. It was nominated for sevenAcademy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.^[67]

Some 1990s films mix an ethereal or surreal visual atmosphere with the exploration of philosophical issues.Sátántangó (1994), by theHungarian directorBéla Tarr, is a7+1⁄2-hour-long film, shot in black and white, that deals with Tarr's favorite theme, inadequacy, ascon man Irimias comes back to a village at an unspecified location in Hungary, presenting himself as a leader andMessiah figure to the gullible villagers. Kieslowski'sThree Colors trilogy (1993–94), particularlyBlue (1993) andRed (1994), deal with human relationships and how people cope with them in their day-to-day lives. The trilogy of films was called "explorations of spirituality and existentialism"^[68] that created a "truly transcendent experience".^[69]The Guardian listedBreaking the Waves (1996) as one of its top 25 arthouse films. The reviewer stated that "[a]ll the ingredients that have come to defineLars von Trier's career (and in turn, much of modern European cinema) are present here: high-wire acting, innovative visual techniques, a suffering heroine, issue-grappling drama, and a galvanising shot of controversy to make the whole thing unmissable".^[70]

Lewis Beale ofFilm Journal International stated that Australian directorAndrew Dominik's western filmThe Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007) is "a fascinating, literary-based work that succeeds as both art and genre film".^[71] Unlike the action-orientedJesse James films of the past, Dominik's unconventional epic perhaps more accurately details the outlaw's relinquishing psyche during the final months of his life as he succumbs to the paranoia of being captured and develops a precarious friendship with his eventual assassin,Robert Ford.

In 2009, directorPaul Thomas Anderson claimed that his 2002 filmPunch-Drunk Love about a shy, repressed rage-aholic was "an art houseAdam Sandler film", a reference to the unlikely inclusion of "frat boy" comic Sandler in the film; critic Roger Ebert claims thatPunch Drunk Love "may be the key to all of the Adam Sandler films, and may liberate Sandler for a new direction in his work. He can't go on making those moronic comedies forever, can he? Who would have guessed he had such uncharted depths?"^[72]

Apichatpong Weerasethakul'sUncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives, which won the 2010 Cannes Palme d'Or, "ties together what might just be a series of beautifully shot scenes with moving and funny musings on the nature of death and reincarnation, love, loss, and karma".^[73] Weerasethakul is an independent film director, screenwriter, and film producer, who works outside the strict confines of the Thai film studio system. His films deal with dreams, nature, sexuality, including his own homosexuality,^[74] and Western perceptions ofThailand and Asia. Weerasethakul's films display a preference for unconventional narrative structures (such as placing titles/credits at the middle of a film) and for working with non-actors.

Terrence Malick'sThe Tree of Life (2011) was released after decades of development and won the Palme d'Or at the2011 Cannes Film Festival; it was highly praised by critics. At the Avon Theater inStamford, Connecticut, a message was posted about the theater's no-refund policy due to "some customer feedback and a polarized audience response" to the film. The theater stated that it "stands behind this ambitious work of art and other challenging films".^[75]Drive (2011), directed byNicolas Winding Refn,^[76] is commonly called anarthouse action film.^[77] Also in 2011, directorLars von Trier releasedMelancholia, a movie dealing withdepression and other mental disorders while also showing a family's reaction to an approaching planet that could collide with the Earth. The movie was well received, some claiming it to be Von Trier's masterpiece with others highlightingKirsten Dunst's performance, the visuals, and realism depicted in the movie.

Jonathan Glazer'sUnder the Skin (an example of "arthouse sci-fi"^[78]) was screened at the2013 Venice Film Festival and received a theatrical release through indie studioA24 the following year. The film, starringScarlett Johansson, follows analien in human form as she travels aroundGlasgow, picking up unwary men for sex, harvesting their flesh and stripping them of their humanity. Dealing with themes such as sexuality, humanity, and objectification, the film received positive reviews^[79] and was hailed by some as a masterpiece;^[80] criticRichard Roeper described the film as "what we talk about when we talk about film as art".^[81]

This decade also saw a re-emergence of "art horror"^[82] with the success of films likeBeyond the Black Rainbow (2010),Black Swan (2010),Stoker (2013),Enemy (2013),The Babadook (2014),Only Lovers Left Alive (2014),A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night (2014),Goodnight Mommy (2014),Nightcrawler (2014),It Follows (2015),The Witch (2015),The Wailing (2016),Split (2016), thesocial thrillerGet Out (2017),Mother! (2017),Annihilation (2018),A Quiet Place (2018),Hereditary (2018),Suspiria (2018;a remake of the 1977 film of the same name),Mandy (2018),The Nightingale (2018),The House That Jack Built (2018),Us (2019),Midsommar (2019),The Lighthouse (2019),Color Out of Space (2019) and theAcademy Award for Best Picture winnerParasite (2019).^{[83][84][85][86][87]}

Roma (2018), is a film byAlfonso Cuarón inspired by his childhood living in 1970s Mexico. Shot in black-and-white, it deals with themes shared with Cuarón's past films, such as mortality and class. The film was distributed throughNetflix, earning the streaming giant their firstAcademy Award nomination forBest Picture.^[88]

Arthouse animation (with Oscar-nominated titles likeSong of the Sea andLoving Vincent) was also gaining momentum during this era as an alternative to mainstream animated features alongside the works of acclaimed animatorsSatoshi Kon,Don Hertzfeldt andAri Folman from the previous decade.^[89][90][91]

Tom Shone said of the work ofChristopher Nolan: "He has completed eleven features, [...] all ticking the boxes of studio entertainment, yet indelibly marked with the kind of personal themes and obsessions that are more traditionally the preserve of the art house: the passage of time, the failures of memory, our quirks of denial and deflection, the intimate clockwork of our interior lives, set against landscapes in which the fault lines of lateindustrialism meet the fissure points and paradoxes of theinformation age."^[92]

Criticisms of art films include being too pretentious and self-indulgent for mainstream audiences.^[93][94][95]

LA Weekly film critic Michael Nordine cited the filmsGummo (1997) as being an "art-houseexploitation flick" andAmores Perros (2000) exemplifying "the art-house stereotype of featuring more dead dogs thanWhere the Red Fern Grows and every other book you had to read in middle school".^[96]

Quality artistic television,^[97] atelevision genre or style which shares some of the same traits as art films, has been identified. Television shows, such as David Lynch and Mark Frost'sTwin Peaks and Dennis Potter'sThe Singing Detective, also have "a loosening of causality, a greater emphasis on psychological or anecdotal realism, violations of classical clarity of space and time, explicit authorial comment, and ambiguity".^[98]

As with much of Lynch's other work (notably the filmBlue Velvet),Twin Peaks explores the gulf between the veneer of small-town respectability and the seedier layers of life lurking beneath its surface. The show is difficult to place in a defined television genre; stylistically, it borrows the unsettling tone and supernatural premises of horror films and simultaneously offers a bizarrely comical parody of American soap operas with acampy, melodramatic presentation of the morally dubious activities of its quirky characters. The show represents an earnest moral inquiry distinguished by bothweird humor and a deep vein ofsurrealism, incorporating highly stylised vignettes, surrealist and often inaccessible artistic images alongside the otherwise comprehensible narrative of events.

HBO'sThe Wire might also qualify as "artistic television", as it has garnered a greater amount of critical attention from academics than most television shows receive. For example, thefilm theory journalFilm Quarterly has featured the show on its cover.^[99]

Art films have been part of popular culture from animated sitcoms likeThe Simpsons^[100] andClone High spoofing and satirizing them^[101] to even the comedic film review webseriesBrows Held High (hosted by Kyle Kallgren).^{[102][103][104][105]}

• Brows Held High on YouTube
• Top 100 Art House and International Movies – Rotten Tomatoes atWayback Machine
• The 25 best arthouse films of all time|The Guardian
• 10 Great Movies That Are Perfect Introductions To Arthouse Cinema – Taste of Cinema
• Top 10 arthouse films of the last 10 years|Stark Insider