TheAraucanía^[4] (/ˌærɔːˈkeɪniə/ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ə^{[citation needed]}),La Araucanía Region^[5][6][7] (Spanish:Región de La Araucaníapronounced[aɾawkaˈni.a])^[8] is one ofChile's 16 first-orderadministrative divisions, and comprises two provinces:Malleco in the north andCautín in the south. Its capital and largest city isTemuco; other important cities includeAngol andVillarrica.

Araucanía Region Región de La Araucanía (Spanish) Mapu Raqko (Mapudungun)
Region of Chile
Conguillío National Park
Flag Coat of arms
Map of Araucanía Region
Coordinates:38°54′S72°40′W / 38.900°S 72.667°W /-38.900; -72.667
Country	Chile
Capital	Temuco
Provinces	Malleco Cautín
Government
• Regional Governor	Luciano Rivas Stepke
• Regional presidential delegate	José Montalva Feuerhake
Area [1]
• Total	31,842.3 km2 (12,294.4 sq mi)
• Rank	8
Highest elevation	3,125 m (10,253 ft)
Lowest elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population  (2017 census)[1]
• Total	938,626
• Rank	5
• Density	29/km2 (76/sq mi)
GDP (PPP) [2]
• Total	$8.238 billion (2014)
• Per capita	$8,376 (2014)
ISO 3166 code	CL-AR
HDI (2019)	0.786[3] high
Website	Official website(in Spanish)

Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s, when itoccupied the area to end resistance by theindigenousMapuche by both military and political means. This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement.

In the 1900–1930 period, the population of Araucanía grew considerably, as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile.^[9] Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile, gaining the nickname of "granary of Chile". The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974, in what was the core of the largerhistoric region of Araucanía.

In the 21st century, Araucanía is Chile's poorest region in terms ofGDP per capita.^[10] About a third of the region's population is ethnicMapuche, the highest proportion of any Chilean region.^[11] The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoingMapuche conflict, as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government.

The Araucanía region is the heartland of the indigenousMapuche people, who resisted bothIncan andSpanish attempts at conquest. After sending many forces against the Mapuche, the Spanish would cut their losses, establishing the southern border of their colony at the northern banks of theBiobío River. Following theoccupation of Araucanía by the Chilean government, which subdued the people, the territory has been a part of Chile ever since 1885.

Following independence, the Chilean government opted for peaceful relations with the Mapuche. Effective territorial occupation did not begin until 1862. During this time, the government allowed settlers to found new towns and constructed therailroad,telegraph, and roads into the area. After an occupation and sustained military action, Araucanía was fully incorporated into Chile in 1882. Many cities and towns in Araucanía were first developed as army outposts during and after the occupation of Araucanía. The last portions of the region to be reached by the army wereAlto Biobío andToltén River's lowlands.

These are the regions where Mapuche communities have thrived the best since the Chilean conquest. With the construction of theMalleco Viaduct in the 1890s, the region became more accessible. Settlements in southern Chile became more consolidated.

Until the mid-20th century, the large agricultural estates (estancias) that were established in Araucanía were cultivated in wheat, led to its being called the "Granary of Chile". With naturally fertile soil and the implementation of modern technology such as tractors, wheat harvests were extraordinarily high, but because the farmers did not performcrop rotation, and indiscriminatelogging and burning of woodlands was permitted, soils were prone to extensiveerosion. They lost their fertility and much topsoil was lost to erosion.

Beginning in the 1930s, Villarrica Lake was developed as a tourism area.

With the return of democracy in Chile in 1990, Mapuche organizations renewed their land claims on certain territories. Rising violence has accompanied what is now called theMapuche conflict.Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco and similar activist groups have sometimes used arson attacks and death threats to back up their claims; other organizations, such as the Consejo de Todas Las Tierras, have sought and enjoyed international support from nongovernmental and their indigenous organizations.

Virgin forests, featuringcoigüe,raulí andtepa trees, as well aslingue,tihue andcordilleran cypress, criss-cross the region in all directions. The majestic coniferAraucaria araucana, or monkey-puzzle tree (known locally aspehuén), towers above the landscape. Its fruit, thepiñón (a type of massivepine nut, often growing to the size and weight of abasketball or abowling ball) is still a staple food for the indigenousPehuenches and local residents.

A large part of this natural wealth is protected in various national parks (Nahuelbuta,Tolhuaca,Conguillío,Villarrica, andHuerquehue National Parks) and national reserves (Malalcahuello,Las Nalcas, andAlto Biobío).

Spanish settlers first arrived in Araucanía (one of two regional names) in the 1550s, but were unable to subdue the indigenous Mapuche.

In the late 19th century, the Chilean government endorsed a large-scale immigration and settlement program for the area. At the time, Chile often endorsed land allotment advertisement to Europeans, notably inGermany,Austria, andSwitzerland, from where most of the new arrivals came. Beginning in the mid-19th century, with theGerman Revolutions, immigrants were often fleeing political upheaval and poor economies, seeking a new place to live. Other immigrants includedBasques, from the northern Spanish border with southwest France, and someArgentines from across theAndes.

The current population is descended mostly from internal migration from the Central Zone of Chile; to a lesser extent, it consists of descendants of European settlers who arrived during and after the "pacification of Araucanía". The region has the highest proportion of indigenous residents of any in Chile, around 25%, of which the majority is Mapuche people. About 25% of the population is white orcastizo (another form ofmestizo (50%) of partial European-Amerindian descent), and a large proportion of them is at least partially descended from Spanish colonists.

In 1903, a fleet of 88Canarian families—400 persons—arrived inBudi Lake (and currently have more than 1,000 modern descendants) as a response to the government's call to populate the region, and signed contracts for the benefit of a private company. While manyCanarians obeyed their servitude, some of those who disobeyed the provisions of repopulation tried to escape their agreements and were arrested, or the indigenous Mapuche people took pity on the plight of these individuals who were on their former lands. The Mapuche welcomed some of them, and joined their demonstrations, in the so-called "revolt of the Canarians"; many Canarians integrated into the Mapuche population, thus adding to the large mestizo population that exists in Chile.^[12]

Smaller numbers ofArab (largelySyrian,Lebanese andPalestinian),Chinese,Japanese,Korean and people of Euro-North American and Australian descent settled in La Araucania in the early 20th century. Temuco has a thriving Chinese,Taiwanese, andSyrian presence, andCapitán Pastene has a largely ethnicItalian community.Villarrica was where several thousandAfrikaners (or Dutch South Africans) settled after their expulsion fromSouth Africa, following theBoer War (1899–1903). These towns also were influenced by earlyDutch colonists in the 16th century, when the region was nicknamedNew Flanders. TheNetherlands later ceded it to Spanish colonial rule.^[13][14]

During the past three decades, the city ofTemuco has had the fastest rate of growth in Chile. According to the census of 1970, about 88,000 inhabitants lived in Temuco. In the census of 2000, 30 years later, the population had tripled to 250,000. The resort-town of Villarrica, onLake Villarrica, has expanded rapidly. It is located next to the fast-growing resort ofPucón, now one of the four largesttourist destinations in Chile. According to the 2002 census, the most- populated cities are: Temuco (260,783, includesPadre Las Casas), Villarrica (45,531),Angol (43,801),Victoria (23,977),Lautaro (18,808), New Imperial (14,980),Collipulli (14,240),Loncoche (14,191), andTraiguén (14,140).

Until recently, Araucanía was dependent oncereal farming and was known as Chile’s granary. Agriculture has become highly diversified; wheat is still the main crop, but production of oats, grapes, and lupines has increased significantly, and fruit and flower growing are also emerging.

The main tourism centre in the region is the Villarrica Lake and Pucón.

The region consists of 38 municipalities:

• Araucana breed from this area
• Araucanization of Patagonia
• Arauco War
• Occupation of Araucanía
• Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

• Gobierno Regional de la La Araucanía, Official website(in Spanish)
• Kingdom of La Araucania and Patagonia, website