TheArab League (Arabic:الجامعة العربية,al-Jāmiʿa al-ʻArabiyya[al.d͡ʒaː.mi.ʕaal.ʕa.ra.bij.ja]ⓘ), formally theLeague of Arab States (Arabic:جامعة الدول العربية,Jāmiʿat ad-Duwal al-ʿArabiyya), is aregional organization in theArab world. The Arab League was formed inCairo on 22 March 1945, initially with seven members:Egypt,Iraq,Transjordan,Lebanon,Saudi Arabia,Syria, andNorth Yemen.[3] Currently, the League has22 members.
League of Arab States
| |
|---|---|
.svg) Member states shown in dark green | |
| Headquarters | Cairo[a] |
| Official languages | Arabic |
| Type | Regional organization |
| Members | |
| Leaders | |
| Ahmed Aboul Gheit | |
| Ali Al-Daqbaashi | |
| Legislature | Arab Parliament |
| Establishment | |
| 22 March 1945 | |
| 18 June 1950 | |
| 11 September 1965 | |
| 6 April 1983 | |
| 2 January 2005 | |
| Area | |
• Total area | 13,132,327 km2 (5,070,420 sq mi) (2nd) |
| Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 462,940,089[1] (3rd) |
• Density | 27.17/km2 (70.4/sq mi) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $3.4 trillion[2] (5th) |
• Per capita | $6,600 |
| Currency | |
| Time zone | UTC+0 to +4 |
Website leagueofarabstates.org | |
The League's main goal is to "draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries".[4] The organization has received a relatively low level of cooperation throughout its history.[5]
Through institutions, notably theArab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of itsCouncil of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific, and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world.[6] It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate policy, arrange studies of and committees as to matters of common concern, settle inter-state disputes and limit conflicts such as the1958 Lebanon crisis. The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is theJoint Arab Economic Action Charter, which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region.
Each member state has one vote in theCouncil of the Arab League, and decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for them. The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. Furthermore, the signing of an agreement onJoint Defence and Economic Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of military defence measures. In March 2015, the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States. The decision was reached whileOperation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen. Participation in the project is voluntary, and the army intervenes only at the request of one of the member states. Existing military cooperation between Arab league states and regional civil wars and terrorist threats were the impetuses for JAF's establishment.[7]
In the early 1970s, the Economic Council put forward a proposal to create theJoint Arab Chambers of Commerce across international states. That led to the setting up of mandates to promote, encourage and facilitate bilateral trade between the Arab world and significant trading partners.
History
Following adoption of theAlexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945.[8] The official headquarters of the League was the Boustan Palace in Cairo.[9] It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims.[9] Other countries later joined the league.[10] Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was joint intervention to keep Palestine from being divided into two states in keeping with the decision of the United Nations General Assembly. When Transjordan agreed to this proposal, Egypt intervened to prevent this from happening.[11] It was followed by the creation of a mutual defence treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965.[12]
The Arab League has not achieved much cooperation throughout its history. According toMichael Barnett andEtel Solingen, the design of the Arab League reflects Arab leaders' individual concerns for regime survival: "the politics of Arab nationalism and a shared identity led Arab states to embrace the rhetoric of Arab unity in order to legitimize their regimes, and to fear Arab unity in practice because it would impose greater restrictions on their sovereignty."[5] The Arab League was "specifically designed to fail at producing the kind of greater collaboration and integration that might have weakened political leaders at home."[5]
Geography
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s
The Arab League member states cover over 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents:Africa andAsia. The area largely consists of arid deserts, such as theSahara. Nevertheless, it also contains several highly fertile lands like theNile Valley, theJubba Valley andShebelle Valley in theHorn of Africa, theAtlas Mountains in theMaghreb, and theFertile Crescent that stretches overMesopotamia and theLevant. The area comprises deep forests in southernArabia and parts of the world's longest river, theNile.
Membership
TheCharter of the Arab League, also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States, is the founding treaty of the Arab League. Adopted in 1945, it stipulates that "the League of Arab States shall be composed of the independent Arab States that have signed this Pact."[13]
In 1945, there were seven members,[14] but the Arab League now has 22 members, including 8 African countries:
and 7 observer states (note: the observer states below have been invited to participate during select Arab League sessions but do not hold voting privileges):
Suspensions
Egypt was suspended from the Arab League on 26 March 1979 due to theEgypt–Israel peace treaty, with the League's headquarters moving from Cairo toTunis, Tunisia. In 1987, Arab League states restored diplomatic relations with Egypt, the country was readmitted to the League in May 1989 and the League's headquarters were moved back to Cairo in September 1990.[22]
Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the outbreak of thefirst Libyan civil war.[23] The Arab League voted to restore Libya's membership on 27 August 2011 by accrediting a representative of theNational Transitional Council, which was the partially recognised interim government of the country.[24]
Syria was suspended on 16 November 2011 in the aftermath of the outbreak of theSyrian civil war. On 6 March 2013, the Arab League gave Syria's seat in the Arab League to theSyrian National Coalition, the largestopposition group.[25] On 9 March 2014, secretary generalNabil Elaraby stated that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completed the formation of its institutions.[26] In 2021, the Arab League initiated a process of normalisation between theSyrian Ba'athist government and other Arab nations.[27] On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of theCouncil of the Arab League in Cairo, it was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership.[28]
Politics and administration
The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under UN supervision.[29]
The Charter of the Arab League[4] endorsed the principle of anArab nation-state while respecting thesovereignty of the individual member states. The internal regulations of the Council of the League[30] and the committees[31] were agreed in October 1951. Those of the Secretariat-General were agreed in May 1953.[32]
Since then, governance of the Arab League has been based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states. Preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from the natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making. Moreover, the fear of the richer that the poorer may share their wealth in the name ofArab nationalism, thefeuds among Arab rulers, and the influence of external powers that might oppose Arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league.
Mindful of their previous announcements in support of theArabs ofPalestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration.[33] This was done by means of an annex that declared:[4]
Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny, it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her. Her existence and her independence among the nations can, therefore, no more be questionedde jure than the independence of any of the other Arab States. [...] Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence
At the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The firstPalestinian National Council convened inEast Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. ThePalestine Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Palestine was shortly admitted in to the Arab League, represented by the PLO. Today,State of Palestine is a full member of the Arab League.
At theBeirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted theArab Peace Initiative,[34] a Saudi-inspired peace plan for theArab–Israeli conflict. The initiative offered full normalisation of the relations withIsrael. In exchange, Israel was required to withdraw from alloccupied territories, including theGolan Heights, to recognise Palestinian independence in theWest Bank andGaza Strip, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a "just solution" for thePalestinian refugees. The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit. In July 2007, the Arab League sent a mission, consisting of theJordanian andEgyptian foreign ministers, to Israel to promote the initiative. FollowingVenezuela's move to expel Israeli diplomats amid the2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict,Kuwaiti member of parliamentWaleed Al-Tabtabaie proposed moving Arab League headquarters toCaracas,Venezuela.[35] On 13 June 2010, Amr Mohammed Moussa, Secretary-General of the Arab League, visited theGaza Strip, the first visit by an official of the Arab League since Hamas' armed takeover in 2007.
The Arab League is a member of theChina-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF), which was formed in 2004. CASCF is the Arab League's earliest participation in a cooperation forum with another country or region.[36] CASCF is the primarily multi-lateral coordination mechanism between the Arab states and China and within CASCF the Arab League represents its member states as a relatively unified force.[37] The Arab League's coordination allows Arab states to negotiate actively for collective projects involving multiple states, such as railway projects, nuclear power projects, and Dead Sea initiatives.[36]
In 2015, the Arab League voiced support forSaudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against theShia Houthis and forces loyal to former PresidentAli Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the2011 uprising.[38]
On 15 April 2018, in response to theTurkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-backedSyrian Kurds from the enclave ofAfrin, the Arab League passed a resolution calling on Turkish forces to withdraw from Afrin.[39]
In September 2019, the Arab League condemnedBenjamin Netanyahu's plans toannex the eastern portion of the occupiedWest Bank known as theJordan Valley.[40]
The Arab League met in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discussTurkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Upon meeting, its member states voted to condemn the Turkish offensive, dubbing it both an 'invasion' and an 'aggression' against an Arab state, adding that the organization saw it as a violation of international law.[41]
On 9 September 2020, the Arab League refused to condemn theUAE's decision tonormalize ties with Israel. Nevertheless, "The goal all our Arab countries seek, without exception, is to end the occupation and establish an independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital,"Aboul Gheit said.[42] In January 2024, the Arab League expressed support for South Africa'sICJ genocide case against Israel.[43]
List of summits
Emergency summits
| No. | Date | Host Country | Host City |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21–27 September 1970 |  Egypt | Cairo |
| 2 | 17–28 October 1976 |  Saudi Arabia | Riyadh |
| 3 | 7–9 September 1985 |  Morocco | Casablanca |
| 4 | 8–12 November 1987 |  Jordan | Amman |
| 5 | 7–9 June 1988 |  Algeria | Algiers |
| 6 | 23–26 June 1989 | Morocco | Casablanca |
| 7 | 28–30 May 1990 |  Iraq | Baghdad |
| 8 | 9–10 August 1990 |  Egypt | Cairo |
| 9 | 22–23 June 1996 | Egypt | Cairo |
| 10 | 21–22 October 2000 | Egypt | Cairo |
| 11 | 7 January 2016 | Saudi Arabia | Riyadh |
| 12 | 11 November 2023 | Saudi Arabia | Riyadh |
- Two summits are not added to the system of Arab League summits:
- Anshas, Egypt: 28–29 May 1946.
- Beirut, Lebanon: 13 – 15 November 1958.
- Summit 12 in Fes, Morocco, occurred in two stages:
- On 25 November 1981: the 5-hour meeting ended without an agreement on document.
- On 6–9 September 1982.
Military
The Joint Defence Council of the Arab League is one of theInstitutions of the Arab League.[49] It was established under the terms of theJoint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty of 1950 to coordinate thejoint defence of the Arab Leaguemember states.[50]
The Arab League as an organisation has no military Force, similar to the UN, but at the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Darfur, Iraq, and other hot spots.
At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed in principle to form a joint military force.[51]
Economic resources
The Arab League is rich in resources, such as enormousoil andnatural gas resources in certain member states.
Economic achievements initiated by the League amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller Arab organisations such as theGulf Cooperation Council (GCC).[52] Among them is theArab Gas Pipeline, that will transport Egyptian and Iraqi gas to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. As of 2013, a significant difference in economic conditions exist between the developed oil states ofAlgeria,Qatar,Kuwait and theUAE, and developing countries like theComoros,Djibouti,Mauritania,Somalia,Sudan andYemen.
The Arab League also includes great fertile lands in the southern part ofSudan. It is referred to as the food basket of theArab World, the region's instability including the independence ofSouth Sudan has not affected itstourism industry, that is considered the fastest growing industry in the region, withEgypt,UAE,Lebanon,Tunisia, andJordan leading the way. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications.
Economical achievements within members have been low in the league's history, other smaller Arab Organizations have achieved more than the league has, such as theGCC, but lately several major economic projects that are promising are to be completed, theArab Gas Pipeline is to end by 2010, Connecting Egyptian and Iraqi Gas to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, and then to Turkey thus Europe, a free trade Agreement (GAFTA) is to be completed by 1 January 2008, making 95% of all Arab products tax free of customs.
Transport
The Arab League is divided into five parts when it comes to transport, with theArabian Peninsula and theNear East being entirely connected by air, sea, roads and railways. Another part of the League is theNile Valley, made up ofEgypt andSudan. These two member states have started to improve the River Nile's navigation system to improve accessibility and thus foster trading. A new railway system is also set to connect the southern Egyptian city ofAbu Simbel with the northern Sudanese city ofWadi Halfa and then toKhartoum andPort Sudan. The third division of the League is theMaghreb, where a 3,000 km stretch of railway runs from the southern cities ofMorocco toTripoli in WesternLibya. The fourth division of the League is theHorn of Africa, whose member states includeDjibouti andSomalia. These two Arab League states are separated by only ten nautical miles from the Arabian Peninsula by theBab el Mandeb and this is quickly changing as Tarik bin Laden, the brother ofOsama bin Laden, has initiated the construction of the ambitiousBridge of the Horns project, which ultimately aims to connect theHorn of Africa with theArabian Peninsula via a massive bridge. The project is intended to facilitate and accelerate the already centuries-old trade and commerce between the two regions. The last division of the League is the isolated archipelago of theComoros located off the coast ofEast Africa, which is not physically connected to any other Arab state, but still trades with other Arab League members.
Literacy
In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution.United Nations Development Programme,Human Development Report 2010. ThePersian Gulf region has had anoil boom, enabling more schools and universities to be set up.
| Rank | Country | Literacy rate |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Qatar | 97.3[53] |
| 2 |  Palestine | 96.5[53] |
| 3 |  Kuwait | 96.3[53] |
| 4 |  Bahrain | 95.7[53] |
| 5 | Jordan | 95.4[53] |
| 6 | Saudi Arabia | 94.4[53] |
| 7 |  Lebanon | 93.9[53] |
| 8 |  United Arab Emirates | 93.8[53] |
| 9 |  Oman | 91.1[53] |
| 10 |  Libya | 91[53] |
| 11 |  Syria | 86.4[53] |
| 12 |  Iraq | 85.7[53] |
| 13 |  Tunisia | 81.8[53] |
| 14 |  Comoros | 81.8[53] |
| 15 | Algeria | 80.2[53] |
| 16 |  Sudan | 75.9[53] |
| 17 | Egypt | 73.8[53] |
| 18 |  Yemen | 70.1[53] |
| 19 |  Djibouti | 70.0[54] |
| 20 | Morocco | 68.5[53] |
| 21 |  Mauritania | 52.1[53] |
| 22 |  Somalia | 44–72[55] |
Demographics
WhileArabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Arab League, there are several other ethnic groups that also reside in the region, includingBerbers,Kurds,Somalis,Assyrians,Armenians,Nubians,Mandaeans, andCircassians. Each of these groups have their own distinct cultures, languages, and traditions. As of 1 July 2013, about 359 million people live in the states of the Arab League. Its population grows faster than in most other global regions. The most populous member state isEgypt, with a population of over 100 million.[56] The least populated is theComoros, with approximately 850,000 inhabitants.
| Rank | Country | Population | Density (/km2) | Density (sq mi) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Egypt | 104,635,983 | 110 | 285 | [57] |
| 2 | Sudan | 49,197,555 | 16 | 41 | [58] |
| 3 | Iraq | 45,318,011 | 85 | 220 | [59] |
| 4 | Algeria | 44,700,000 | 16 | 41 | [60] |
| 5 | Morocco | 37,984,655 | 71 | 184 | [60] |
| 6 | Yemen | 34,277,612 | 45 | 117 | [60] |
| 7 | Saudi Arabia | 32,175,224 | 12 | 31 | [61] |
| 8 | Syria | 22,125,249 | 118 | 306 | [60] |
| 9 | Somalia | 17,066,000 | 18 | 47 | [60] |
| 10 | Tunisia | 11,708,370 | 65 | 168 | [62] |
| 11 | Jordan | 11,180,568 | 71 | 184 | [60] |
| 12 | United Arab Emirates | 9,269,612 | 99 | 256 | [63] |
| 13 | Libya | 7,054,493 | 3.8 | 9.8 | [60][64] |
| 14 | Lebanon | 5,296,814 | 404 | 1,046 | [60] |
| 15 | Palestine | 5,227,193 | 756 | 1,958 | [65] |
| 16 | Mauritania | 4,614,974 | 3.2 | 8.3 | [60] |
| 17 | Oman | 4,520,471 | 9.2 | 24 | [60] |
| 18 | Kuwait | 4,294,621 | 200 | 518 | [60] |
| 19 | Qatar | 2,795,484 | 154 | 399 | [60] |
| 20 | Bahrain | 1,463,265 | 1,646 | 4,263 | [66] |
| 21 | Djibouti | 957,273 | 37 | 96 | [60] |
| 22 | Comoros | 850,886 | 309 | 800 | [60] |
| Total |  Arab League | 462,940,089 | 30.4 | 78.7 |
Religion
The majority of the Arab League's citizens adhere toIslam, withChristianity being the second largest religion. At least 15 million Christians combined live inEgypt,Iraq,Jordan,Lebanon,Palestine,Sudan andSyria. In addition, there are smaller but significant numbers ofDruze,Yazidis,Shabaks andMandaeans. Numbers for nonreligiousArabs are generally not available, but research by thePew Forum suggests around 1% of people in theMENA region are "unaffiliated".[67]
Languages
The official language of the Arab League isLiterary Arabic, based onClassical Arabic. However, several Arab League member states have other co-official or national languages, such asSomali,Afar,Comorian,French,English,Berber andKurdish. In most countries, there is a dominant non-codifiedspoken Arabic dialect.
Culture
Sports
ThePan-Arab Games are considered the biggest Arab sporting event, which brings together athletes from all the Arab countries to participate in a variety of different sports.
TheUnion of Arab Football Associations organises theArab Cup (for national teams) and theArab Club Champions Cup (for clubs). Arab sport federations also exist for several games, includebasketball,volleyball,handball,table tennis,tennis,squash andswimming.[citation needed]
See also
- Arab Charter on Human Rights
- Arab Cold War
- Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
- Arab leaders
- Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict
- Arab League boycott of Israel
- Arab Maghreb Union (UMA)
- Arab Monetary Fund
- Arab Organization for Industrialization
- Arab Parliament
- Arab Union
- Bloudan Conference of 1937
- Bloudan Conference of 1946
- Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
- Flag of the Arab League
- General Arab Insurance Federation
- General Union of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture for Arab Countries
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
- Inshas
- International Association of Arabic Dialectology (AIDA)
- International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions
- List of conflicts in the Arab League
- List of country groupings
- List of largest cities in the Arab world
- List of multilateral free-trade agreements
- Lists of the Arab League
- Model Arab League
- Orange card system – motor insurance scheme of the Arab League
- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
- Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Pan Arab Games
- Pan-Arabism
- Summit of South American-Arab Countries
- United Arab Command
- Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization
Notes
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External links
- (in Arabic)The League of Arab States (official site).
- (in English)League of Arab States OfficeArchived 31 December 2021 at theWayback Machine in Washington D.C.
- The League of Arab States atAl-Bab.com
- The Arab League atCouncil on Foreign Relations
- Profile: Arab League,BBC News, updated 9 August 2011
- Arab League collected news and commentary atThe Jerusalem Post
- Arab League collected news and commentary atThe New York Times