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Apitoxin

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Apitoxin orbee venom is thevenom produced by thehoney bee. It is acytotoxic andhemotoxic bitter colorless liquid containingproteins, which may produce localinflammation. It may have similarities tosea nettletoxin.[1]

Components

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Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins and smaller molecules.

The main component ismelittin, which amounts to 52% of venompeptides[2] One of the main allergens isphospholipase A2, which amounts to 12% and is an enzyme that catalyzes thehydrolysis ofphospholipids, causing degradation ofcell membranes.[3] Adolapin[4] contributes 2–5% of the peptides.[5][6] Further protein components includeapamin (2%), aneurotoxin,hyaluronidase (2%), which dilates blood vessels, increasing their permeability and facilitating the spread of the venom,[3]mast cell degranulating peptide (2%),tertiapin, andsecapin.[7] Small molecules in bee venom includehistamine (0.1–1%),dopamine andnoradrenaline.[8]

Research

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Mark Crislip, a practicing infectious disease specialist, examined the claims that bee venom can treatarthritis. He was unable to "find a clean, i.e., a non-TCPM based, randomized,placebo-controlled study of bee venom in humans for the treatment [of] arthritis."[9]

Bee venom is also considered ineffective for the treatment or prevention ofcancer, with no clinical studies to date supporting such effects.[10] According to theAmerican Cancer Society, there is noscientific evidence that apitherapy or bee venom therapy can treat or change the course of cancer or any other disease.[11]Clinical trials have shown that apitherapy is ineffective in treatingmultiple sclerosis or any other disease, and can exacerbate multiple sclerosis symptoms.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Czarnetzki BM, Thiele T, Rosenbach T (February 1990)."Evidence for leukotrienes in animal venoms".The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.85 (2):505–509.doi:10.1016/0091-6749(90)90162-W.PMID 1968071. 
  2. ^Meier J, White J (1995).Clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. CRC Press, Inc.ISBN 0-8493-4489-1.
  3. ^abBurzyńska M, Piasecka-Kwiatkowska D (August 2021)."A Review of Honeybee Venom Allergens and Allergenicity".International Journal of Molecular Sciences.22 (16): 8371.doi:10.3390/ijms22168371.PMC 8395074.PMID 34445077.
  4. ^Aufschnaiter A, Kohler V, Khalifa S, Abd El-Wahed A, Du M, El-Seedi H, Büttner S (January 2020)."Apitoxin and Its Components against Cancer, Neurodegeneration and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Limitations and Possibilities".Toxins.12 (2): 66.doi:10.3390/toxins12020066.PMC 7076873.PMID 31973181.
  5. ^"Adolapin". Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, MDI Biological Laboratory and North Carolina State University. 24 August 2017. Retrieved24 September 2017.
  6. ^Benton AW, Morse RA, Stewart JD (October 1963). "Venom Collection from Honey Bees".Science.142 (3589):228–230.Bibcode:1963Sci...142..228B.doi:10.1126/science.142.3589.228.PMID 17834840.S2CID 26489746.
  7. ^UniProtP01501,P01500,Q08169,P01499,P56587,P02852.
  8. ^Habermann E (July 1972). "Bee and wasp venoms".Science.177 (4046):314–322.Bibcode:1972Sci...177..314H.doi:10.1126/science.177.4046.314.PMID 4113805.
  9. ^Crislip, Mark."The Beekeeper: Sentinel Chicken?".Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved8 August 2023.
  10. ^Russell J; Rovere A, eds. (2009). "Apitherapy".American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.).American Cancer Society. pp. 704–708.ISBN 9780944235713.practitioners claim ... bee venom can be used to treat various diseases, including several types of arthritis; neurological problems such as multiple sclerosis, lower back pain and migraine headaches; and skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and herpes.
  11. ^American Cancer Society's Guide to complementary and alternative cancer methods. Atlanta, Georgia: American Cancer Society. 2000.ISBN 978-0-944235-29-4.[page needed]
  12. ^"Bee Venom Therapy – Grassroots Medicine".Science-Based Medicine. 26 November 2008. Retrieved28 September 2016.

External links

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