Annapolis Royal is a town in and thecounty seat ofAnnapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada. The community, known asPort Royal before 1710,^[2] is recognised as having one of the longest histories in North America, preceding the settlements atPlymouth,Jamestown andQuebec.^[3] For nearly 150 years, it served as the capital ofAcadia and subsequently Nova Scotia until the establishment ofHalifax in 1749.^[2][4]

Annapolis Royal Port-Royal (French)
Town andCounty seat
Waterfront of Annapolis Royal View fromFort Anne looking south overAnnapolis Basin Saint Luke's Church Pierre Dugua Monument Lighthouse View ofGranville Ferry from Annapolis Royal
Flag
Nickname:  Cradle of the Nation
Annapolis Royal Location of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia
Coordinates:44°44′30″N65°30′55″W / 44.74167°N 65.51528°W /44.74167; -65.51528
Country	Canada
Province	Nova Scotia
Municipality	Annapolis County
Founded	1605; 420 years ago (1605) as Port Royal
Incorporated	1892; 133 years ago (1892)
Named after	Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Electoral Districts      Federal	West Nova
Provincial	Annapolis
Government
• Mayor	Amery Boyer
• Governing Body	Annapolis Royal Town Council
• MLA	David Bowlby(C)
• MP	Chris d'Entremont(C)
Area  (2021)[1]
• Total	1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi)
Highest elevation	7 m (23 ft)
Lowest elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population  (2021)[1]
• Total	530
• Density	268.3/km2 (695/sq mi)
Demonym	Annapolitan
Time zone	UTC-4 (AST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-3 (Atlantic Daylight Saving Time)
Postal code	B0S1A0
Area code	902
Telephone Exchange	526, 532
National Historic Site of Canada
Official name	Annapolis Royal Historic District National Historic Site of Canada
Designated	1994
Website	annapolisroyal.com

In 1605,France established a settlement on theAnnapolis Basin, centred on thehabitation at Port Royal.^[5] By 1629,British colonization of the Americas renewed the settlement, this time centred aroundCharles Fort, which is the site of the modern town.^[6] The settlement of Port Royal passed several times between France, England and Great Britain until it was finally ceded to Great Britain in1713.^[7] Due to its location on the boundary between the colonial powers of France and Great Britain, it encountered a grand total of thirteen assaults, surpassing all other locations in North America.^[8]: viii

In 1994, thehistoric heart of Annapolis Royal, having been the site of critical moments in North America's development, was officially named aNational Historic Site of Canada.^[9] The historic district is part of a rich heritage landscape that includes 10 National Historic Sites, 6 provincially recognized Nova Scotia Heritage Properties, and over 100 Municipal Heritage Properties in and around Annapolis Royal.^[10][11] The town resides within the working landscape of theUNESCO designated,Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve.^[12]

Formerly centred around military affairs and shipping, the town's primary economic focus has shifted to tourism.^[2]

"Port Royal" originally referred to the Annapolis Basin and was named by cartographerSamuel de Champlain in 1604, writing, "we entered a harbour which is two leagues in length and one in breadth, which I have named Port Royal."^[13] The French settlement on the Annapolis Basin was named "Annapolis Royal" in honour ofQueen Anne following thesiege of Port Royal in 1710 by Great Britain.^[14]

The confluence of the Annapolis River and Allains Creek, the site of the modern town, was named Nme'juaqnek meaning "the place of bountiful fish" by theMi'kmaq, who have lived in the area for thousands of years. A stone point excavated at Fort Anne was dated to two to three thousand years old.^[15]

The original French year-round settlement, centred on the habitation at Port-Royal, was established in 1605 byFrançois Gravé Du Pont,Samuel de Champlain,^[14] with and forPierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The habitation is approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) west of present-day Annapolis Royal on the Annapolis Basin. It was abandoned after being destroyed by attackers from Virginia in 1613,^[14] but was, significantly, the first year-round European settlement in Canada. It was also likely to have been the site of the introduction of apples to Canada in 1606.^[16]

In 1629, Scottish settlers, under the auspices ofSir William Alexander, established their settlement, known as Charles Fort, at the mouth of the Annapolis River. The settlement was transferred to the French under the terms of theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1632 and 47 Scottish settlers, including men, women and children were removed, although some settlers remained.^[17] The settlement, under the French, soon became self-sufficient and grew modestly for nearly a century, though it was subject to frequent attacks and capture by English military forces or those of itsNew England colonists, only to be restored each time to French control by subsequent recapture or treaty stipulations. Acadia remained in French hands throughout most of the 17th century.

Theseigneury of Port Royal was granted toJean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt in 1604, although it was not exercised until 1605.^[18] This semi-feudal status of Port Royal and Annapolis Royal was in effect until 1733,^[19] butSeigneuresse Marie de Saint-Étienne de La Tour probably maintained the social status until her death in 1739.^[20] In 1733, Alexandre Le Borgne (1679-1744), the eldest surviving son of Seigneuresse Marie, petitoned to have the Seigenury restored to him, but was refused.^[13]

In 1710, Port Royal was captured a final time from the French at thesiege of Port Royal duringQueen Anne's War, marking the British conquest of peninsular Nova Scotia.^[21] Queen Anne's War was the North American theatre the largerWar of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), fought between France and theGrand Alliance. The British named the town Annapolis Royal andFort Anne after Queen Anne (1665–1714), the reigning monarch.^[14] Previously, under the French, the Annapolis River had been known as "Rivière Dauphin".

After success in the localBattle of Bloody Creek, 600 Acadians and native warriors attempted to retake the Acadian capital. Under the leadership ofBernard-Anselme d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin they descended on Annapolis Royal and laid siege to Fort Anne. The garrison had fewer than 200 men, but the attackers had no artillery and were thus unable to make an impression on the fort.^{[22]: 135 [23]} They eventually dispersed, and Annapolis Royal remained in British hands for the remainder of Queen Anne's War.

Under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, Acadia was formally granted to Great Britain;^[21] however, the vague boundary definitions saw only the peninsular part of Nova Scotia granted to Great Britain. The next half-century would see great turbulence as Britain and France vied for dominance in Acadia and in North America more generally. The indigenous Mi'kmaq were not a party to the treaty.

Father Rale's War^[a] (1722–1725) was a series of battles between the New England Colonies and theWabanaki Confederacy, including theMi'kmaq, who were allied with France.

DuringFather Rale's War, in July 1722 theAbenaki and Miꞌkmaq attempted to create a blockade of Annapolis Royal, with the intent of starving the capital.^[24]: 399 The natives captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners from present-day Yarmouth to Canso. They also seized prisoners and vessels from the Bay of Fundy.

In response to the New England attack on Father Rale at Norridgewock in March 1722, 165 Mi'kmaq and Maliseet troops gathered at Minas to lay siege to the Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia at Annapolis Royal.^{[23]: 6 [25][26]} Under potential siege, in May 1722, Lieutenant GovernorJohn Doucett took 22 Mi'kmaq hostage at Annapolis Royal to prevent the capital from being attacked.^[23]: 56 Massachusetts GovernorSamuel Shute declared war on the Abenaki.

New Englanders retrieved some of the vessels and prisoners after theBattle at Winnepang in which thirty-five natives and five New-Englanders were killed. Other vessels and prisoners were retrieved at Malagash Harbour after a ransom was paid.^[24]: 399

A key event of Father Rale's War was in early July 1724 when a group of sixty Mi'kmaq and Maliseets raided Annapolis Royal. They killed and scalped a sergeant and a private, wounded four more soldiers, and terrorized the village. They also burned houses and took prisoners.^{[22]: 164–165 [24]: 408–409 [b]} The British responded on July 8 by executing one of the Mi'kmaq hostages on the same spot the sergeant was killed. They also burned three Acadian houses in retaliation.^[8]: 123

As a result of the raid, three blockhouses were built to protect the town. The Acadian church was moved closer to the fort so that it could be more easily monitored.^{[8]: 124–125}

DuringKing George's War there were four attempts by the French, Acadians and Mi'kmaq to retake the capital of Acadia.^{[27]: 338–371} King George's War was the North American theatre of theWar of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), predominantly fought between France and theHoly Roman Empire, with whom Great Britain was allied.

Jean-Louis Le Loutre, theVicar General for Acadia, gathered 300 Mi'kmaq warriors together, and they began their assault on Annapolis Royal on 12 July 1744. This was the largest gathering of Mi'kmaq warriors till then to take arms against the British. The Mi'kmaq outnumbered the New Englanders regulars by three to one. Two New England regulars were captured and scalped.^{[23]: 110–111} The assault lasted for four days, when the fort was rescued on 16 July by seventy New England soldiers arriving on board the ship Prince of Orange.^[27]: 38

After spending the summer trying to recruit the assistance of Acadians,François Dupont Duvivier, officer of the French colonial troupes de la marine, attacked Annapolis Royal on 8 September 1744. His force of 200 was up against 250 soldiers at the fort. The siege raged on for a week, and then Duvivier demanded the surrender of the fort. Both sides awaited reinforcements by sea. The fighting continued for a week and then two ships did arrive – from Boston, not Louisbourg. On board the ship was New England RangerJohn Gorham and 70 natives. Duvivier retreated.^{[27]: 338–341}

In May 1745,Paul Marin de la Malgue led 200 troops, together with hundreds of Mi'kmaq in another siege against Annapolis Royal. This force was twice the size of Duvivier's expedition. During this siege the English destroyed their own officers' fences, houses, and buildings that the attackers might be able to use.^[8]: 157 The siege ended quickly when Marin was recalled to assist with defending the French during thesiege of Louisbourg in 1745.^[27]: 351

During the 1745 siege, the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet took prisonerWilliam Pote and some of Gorham's (Mohawk) Rangers. During his captivity, Pote wrote one of the most importantcaptivity narratives from Acadia and Nova Scotia. While at Cobequid, Pote reported that an Acadian had remarked that the French soldiers should have "left their [the English] carcasses behind and brought their skins."^[28] The following year, among other places, Pote was taken to the Maliseet villageAukpaque on the Saint John River. While at the village, Mi'kmaq from Nova Scotia arrived and, on July 6, 1745, tortured him together with a Mohawk ranger from Gorham's company named Jacob, as retribution for the killing of their family members by Gorham.^{[29]: 42–43} On July 10, Pote witnessed another act of revenge when the Mi'kmaq tortured a Mohawk ranger from Gorham's company atMeductic.^[29]: 45

Led by Ramesay, the French land forces laid siege to Annapolis Royal for twenty-three days, awaiting naval reinforcements. They never received the assistance they required from the Duc d'Anville Expedition and were forced to retreat.^[27]: 359

TheSeven Years' War (1756–1763), which was related to theFrench and Indian War, was primarily fought between France and Great Britain, in addition to their various allies.

During theexpulsion of the Acadians, on December 8, 1755, 32 Acadian families, a total of 225, were deported from Annapolis Royal on the British ship Pembroke. The ship was headed for North Carolina. During the voyage, the Acadians took over the vessel. On 8 February 1756, the Acadians sailed up the Saint-John River as far as they could.^[30] They there disembarked and burned their ship. A group of Maliseet met them and directed them up stream, where they joined an expanding Acadian community.^[31] The Maliseet took them to one ofCharles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot's refugee camps for the fleeing Acadians, which was atBeaubears Island.^[23]: 186

In December 1757, while cutting firewood near Fort Anne, John Weatherspoon was captured by Indians, presumably Mi'kmaq, and carried away to the mouth of the Miramichi River. From there he was eventually sold or traded to the French and taken to Quebec, where he was held until late in1759.^[32]

Although invited to take part in the revolution by theContinental Congress, Nova Scotia remained largely loyal to Great Britain.

During theAmerican Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants) were stationed at Annapolis Royal to guard Nova Scotia against American Privateers. On October 2, 1778, the 84th Regiment was involved in the defeat of an American privateer at Annapolis Royal. Captain MacDonald sailed into the town only to find a large privateer ship raiding the port. He destroyed the privateer vessel, which had mounted ten carriage-guns.

However, in June 1780 the 84th Regiment was transferred to the Carolinas, leaving the town vulnerable to attack. The next year, on August 29, 1781, two large American privateer schoonersattacked the undefended town. They imprisoned the men of the community in the fort and systematically looted houses in the town, even stealing window-glass from the church. The privateers fled when reports arrived that the militia was assembling outside the town. The only death took place when the privateers accidentally shot their own pilot. Two town residents were taken as hostages and later released on parole on promise of exchange for an American prisoner at Halifax.^{[8]: 222–223 [33]}

After the American Revolution, more than 30,000United Empire Loyalists migrated to the maritimes,^[34] many of them arriving in Annapolis Royal. The Loyalist migration severely taxed the resources of the town for a time before many moved to found Loyalist settlements such as nearbyDigby andClementsport, while others stayed. Some, such as Anglican ministerJacob Bailey, remained in Annapolis Royal and became members of the town's elite. Many escaped slaves who fought for the British known asBlack Loyalists were also part of the Loyalist migration, includingThomas Peters, a member of theBlack Pioneers regiment and an important Black Loyalist leader who first arrived in Annapolis Royal before taking land near Digby. Another notable Black Loyalist wasRose Fortune who founded a freight business and policed the Annapolis Royal waterfront.^[35] The Loyalists who remained in Annapolis Royal brought an injection of professions and capital that strengthened the town as a regional centre beyond its status as a garrison outpost.

Owing to the extreme tidal range, relatively shallow waters of the Annapolis Basin, and the small population of its hinterland, the port of Annapolis Royal, despite having a good harbour, carried on only a small trade through the 19th century.^[21] Along with Granville Ferry across the river, however, it was a local centre forshipbuilding. Among the notable local mariners wasBessie Hall. Following the replacement of sailing ships by steam in the 1880s, Annapolis Royal served as a coaling station betweenSaint John andBoston.

The town had a minor boom in 1869 when theWindsor and Annapolis Railway arrived, with two large railway piers built along the waterfront and several factories constructed in the area. The population reached 1,500 in the 1870s.^[21] Incorporation as a town under the Nova Scotia Municipalities Act took place in 1893. However, the completion of the railway to Digby in 1893, followed by the creation of theDominion Atlantic Railway toYarmouth, shifted most of the steamship commerce to those cities as steel-hulled vessels began to require deeper and deeper waters. By 1901, Annapolis Royal's population had shrunk to 1,019^[36] and it became a small country town whose principal export was apples.^[36]

A ferry service ran from Lower Saint George Street across the river to Granville Ferry from the early 19th century, but a bridge was built in 1921 to link the two sides of the estuary. This bridge collapsed in 1961 and was replaced by a causeway, already under construction.

TheAnnapolis Royal Generating Station was atidal power station located on the Annapolis River immediately upstream from the town of Annapolis Royal. The only tidal generating station in North America, it was capable of producing up to 20 MW twice daily with the change in tides. The generating station harnessed the tidal difference created by the large tides in the Annapolis Basin, a sub-basin of the Bay of Fundy. It opened in 1984 but has not produced power since 2019.

The town's burgeoning tourism industry in recent decades has driven significant commercial development. Additionally, the extensive availability of broadband internet has attracted entrepreneurial individuals from across Canada and beyond. In 1984, Annapolis Royal elected the first female black mayor in Canada,Daurene Lewis.^[37]

In the2021 Census of Population conducted byStatistics Canada, Annapolis Royal had a population of530 living in322 of its364 total private dwellings, a change of7.9% from its 2016 population of491. With a land area of 1.98 km² (0.76 sq mi), it had a population density of267.7/km² (693.3/sq mi) in 2021.^[1]

Annapolis Royal is situated in a good but shallow harbour^[21] at the western end of the fertileAnnapolis Valley, nestled between the North and South mountains which define the valley. The town is on south bank of theAnnapolis River facing the heavily tidal Annapolis Basin. The riverside forms the waterfront for this historic town. Directly opposite Annapolis Royal on the northern bank of the river is the community ofGranville Ferry. Allains Creek joins the Annapolis River at the town, defining the western side of the community. TheBay of Fundy, on the other side of the North Mountain, is 10 kilometres north of the town.

The Annapolis Basin, Annapolis River, Annapolis County, and the Annapolis Valley all take their name from the town.

Annapolis Royal has ahumid continental climate (KöppenDfb) and typically has mild summers, cold winters and is wet all year.^[40]

Tourism is a significant part of the economy of Annapolis Royal. Fort Anne, contained within the boundaries of the town, was initially designated a National Historic Park in 1917 and a National Historic Site in 1920.^[42] The current fort, built around 1703, was designed to defend the capital of Acadia / Nova Scotia from seaward attack. Today, much of the original earthen embankments may be visited, as well as some buildings original to the military facility and theGarrison Cemetery. This is the oldest formal cemetery in Canada, dating back to the French and later the British. The oldest English gravestone in Canada is among the graves, that of Bathiah Douglas who was buried in 1720.^[43] Rose Fortune, a Black Loyalist and the first female police officer in what is now Canada is buried here.

The town contains the Historic District of Annapolis Royal, the largest registered Historic District in Canada. Not only is the District itself a National Historic Site, but it also contains numerous individual National Historic Sites. These include Fort Anne, theAnnapolis County Court House, the site of Charles Fort, thede Gannes-Cosby House and theSinclair Inn.^{[44][45][46][47]}

The Annapolis Royal Historic Gardens is a 17-acre tourist attraction that has been operating since 1981. The site is managed by a non-profit registered charity. The attraction displays several periods of Canadian gardening history from the 17th century through to the modern era.^[48]

Various historical walking-tours are available in the town, particularly during the summer season; one of the more well-known being the late-night, candlelight Garrison Cemetery tour. The town has numerous art galleries and studios aimed at the tourist market.

The town acts as a significant hub for commerce within the broader Annapolis County, catering to a population exceeding 21,000 residents.

The Annapolis Royal Farmers and Traders Market is situated on the town's waterfront. It convenes each Saturday from May through October, with additional sessions on Wednesdays from July to September. Live entertainment is a regular feature, typically offered on most Saturdays.^[49] Established in 1976, the current iteration of the market maintains a rich historical lineage, tracing its origins back to a market instituted by Acadian Governor Brouillan in this vicinity of Port Royal around 1701.^[8] This enduring tradition underscores the market's significance as a longstanding cultural and commercial hub within the region.

The extensive Annapolis Basin Conference Centre, and an adjoining small businesses park, are located near the town. They occupy the former site ofCFB Cornwallis, which closed in the mid-1990s.

The scallop boat fleet based in the Annapolis Basin generates millions of dollars in economic activity annually, supporting numerous businesses in the Annapolis Royal area. The 'haul-up' facility adjacent to the wharf remains a key site for overhauling and refurbishing scallop boats each year.

Annapolis Royal is home to numerous historic sites, both within the town and in the surrounding area

• The Port-Royal National Historic Site is the location of the 1605 habitation and is also the location of a 20th-century reconstruction. It was the first National Historic Site to have a replica structure built.^[50]
• Fort Anne, which was also known as Charles Fort when first built in 1629, is Canada's oldest extant fort and its first National Historic Site. A seasonal museum operates on the site giving a history of the fort and the area.^[51]
• Although Charles Fort no longer exists above ground, a commemorative plaque indicates the site of the 1629 Scottish fort.^[6]
• The Historic District of Annapolis Royal is Canada's largest historic district containing 135 heritage properties spanning the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries.^[52]
• At 404 km² (156 sq mi) in size,Kejimkujik National Park is also a National Historic Site.^[53] It is a core part of the UNESCO designated Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve.^[54] It is also designated adark-sky preserve by theInternational Dark Sky Association.^[55]
• The De Gannes-Cosby House National Historic Site dates from 1708 and is recognised as the oldest wood-framed building in Canada and the world's oldest building in the Acadian style.^[56] The house is a private residence and not open to the public.
• The Annapolis County Court House National Historic Site, built in 1837, is one of the oldest courthouses in Canada that is still in use.^[57]
• TheMelanson Settlement, located on the north shore of the Annapolis Basin, is a former Acadian settlement prior to deportation. It is an open archeological site with walking paths.^[58]
• The Bloody Creek National Historic Site is the location of both the Battles of Bloody Creek in1711 and1757.^[59]
• The Sinclair Inn National Historic Site is an Acadian building and seasonal museum. The focus of the museum is on the unique architecture of the building.^[60]
• TheO'Dell House Museum is a seasonal community museum. The house presents a collection of mainly 19th-century items related to the history of Annapolis Royal and the surrounding area.^[61][62]
• TheNorth Hills Museum, located in Granville Ferry, is a seasonal museum and one of the oldest buildings in Canada. The museum presents a collection of furniture, ceramics, glasses, silverware and paintings.^[63]

The town is known for a thriving music, theatre, art and culture scene. In 2014, it was listed byMacLean's magazine as "10 Places You've Got to See."^[64] The Annapolis Basin and Annapolis Royal are perhaps the location of some of the first theatrical productions in Canada with theThéâtre de Neptune, written byMarc Lescarbot (c. 1570–1641), performed in the harbour outside the Port Royal habitation on November 14, 1606.^[65] In 1743,Paul Mascarene, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, translated Molière'sLa Misanthrope and staged productions that winter in Annapolis Royal.^[66]

Annapolis Royal hosts a lively contemporary art scene, with ARTsPLACE, managed by the Annapolis Region Community Arts Council, as its main art collective.^[67]

The town has a long-timetown crier, who works closely with the mayor and town council on public events.^[68][69] Annapolis Royal hosted the International Town Criers Competition in 2017.

The two principal venues for theatre and performance in the town are the historic King's Theatre and the recently constructed Oqwa'titek amphitheatre.^[67][70] These venues host live performances by both local and international groups.

Each year,Natal Day is celebrated over the weekend of the first Monday in August. Events are held throughout the town and Fort Anne, such as live music, dances,historical reenactments andpipe bands, culminating in a parade on the final day.^[71]

Annapolis Royal is within theAnnapolis Valley Regional Centre for Education. Champlain Elementary School, in nearbyGranville Ferry, services students from kindergarten to grade 5; while middle and high school students attend theAnnapolis West Education Centre.^[72]

Annapolis Royal has twosister cities:^[73]

•  Royan, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
•  Annapolis, Maryland, USA

• Chief Henri Membertou (1507–1611),National Historic Person and Grand Chief of the Mi'kmaq^[74]
• Charles de Menou d'Aulnay (1604–1650), National Historic Person and Governor of Acadia^[75]
• Samuel Vetch (1668–1732), National Historic Person and Royal Governor of Nova Scotia^[76]
• Noel Doiron (1684–1758), a notable Acadian leader
• Paul Mascarene (1684–1760), National Historic Person and Royal Governor of Nova Scotia^[77]
• Joseph Broussard (1702–1765), also known as "Beausoleil", a notable Acadian leader
• Erasmus James Philipps (1705–1760), member of the Nova Scotia Council
• John Bradstreet (1714–1774), British army officer
• Admiral Philipps Cosby (1729–1808), National Historic Person and Officer of Royal Navy^[78]
• Thomas Peters (1738–1792), founding father of Sierra Leone
• Admiral William Wolseley (1756 – 1842), National Historic Person and Officer of Royal Navy^[79]
• Sir William Winniett (1793–1850), abolitionist, Governor of theGold Coast
• Sir Fenwick Williams (1800–1883), military leader and firstLieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia born in the province^[80]
• John William Ritchie (1808–1890), Father of Confederation
• Sir William Johnstone Ritchie (1813–1892), second Chief Justice of Canada
• Robert Knox Sneden (1832–1918), American civil war veteran, landscape painter and map-maker

Minor planet516560 Annapolisroyal was named in honour of the town byDavid D. Balam.^[81] The officialnaming citation was published by theMinor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111804).^[82]

• List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
• Royal eponyms in Canada

• Dunn, Brenda.A History of Port-Royal / Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus Publishing. 2004.
• Grenon, Jean-Yves.Pierre Dugua de Mons: Fondateur de l'Acadie (1604-5), Co-Fondateur de Québec (1608); Pierre Dugua de Mons: Founder of Acadie (1604-5), Co-Founder of Québec (1608) (English translation by Phil Roberts). Annapolis Royal: Peninsular Press, 2000.
• Moody, Barry.A History of Annapolis Royal, A Town with a Memory Volume 2: 1749-2005. Nimbus Publishing. 2014
• Reid, John, Maurice Basque, Elizabeth Mancke, Barry Moody, Geoffrey Plank, and William Wicken.The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions. 2004.

• Town of Annapolis Royal website
• Annapolis Heritage Society