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Amherst, Massachusetts

Amherst (/ˈæmərst/ⓘ)[4] is a city inHampshire County, Massachusetts, United States, in theConnecticut River valley. Amherst has acouncil–manager form of government, and is considered a city under Massachusetts state law. Amherst is one of several Massachusetts municipalities that have city forms of government but retain "The Town of" in their official names.[5] At the2020 census, the population was 39,263,[6] making it the highest populated municipality in Hampshire County (although the county seat isNorthampton). The town is home toAmherst College,Hampshire College, and theUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst, three of theFive Colleges.

Amherst, Massachusetts
Town of Amherst
Left-right from top: Downtown Amherst, Congregational Church inNorth Amherst,University of Massachusetts Amherst, Town Hall, Downtown Amherst
Flag of Amherst, Massachusetts
Flag
Official seal of Amherst, Massachusetts
Seal
Nickname: 
"The People's Republic of Amherst"[1][2][3]
Location in Hampshire County in Massachusetts
Location in Hampshire County in Massachusetts
Amherst is located in Massachusetts
Amherst
Amherst
Show map of Massachusetts
Amherst is located in the United States
Amherst
Amherst
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Amherst is located in North America
Amherst
Amherst
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Coordinates:42°23′N72°31′W / 42.383°N 72.517°W /42.383; -72.517
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CountyHampshire
Settled1703
IncorporatedFebruary 13, 1759
Named afterJeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
Area
 • Total
27.7 sq mi (71.8 km2)
 • Land27.6 sq mi (71.5 km2)
 • Water0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)
Elevation
295 ft (90 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
39,263
 • Density1,422/sq mi (549.1/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Codes
01002 (Amherst)
01003 (UMass)
01004 (post office boxes)
01059 (North Amherst)
Area code413
FIPS code25-01325
GNIS feature ID0618195
Websitewww.amherstma.gov

Amherst has threecensus-designated places:Amherst Center,North Amherst, andSouth Amherst.

Amherst is part of theSpringfield, MassachusettsMetropolitan Statistical Area. Lying 22 miles (35 km) north of the city of Springfield, Amherst is considered the northernmost town in theHartford–Springfield Metropolitan Region, "The Knowledge Corridor". Amherst is also located in thePioneer Valley, which encompasses Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin counties.

Name

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The name of the town is pronounced without theh ("AM-erst") by natives and long-time residents, giving rise to the local saying, "only the 'h' is silent", in reference both to the pronunciation and to the town's politically active populace.[citation needed]

History

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A streetcar for theAmherst and Sunderland Street Railway crosses Amherst Center, in front of the town hall,c. 1903.

The earliest known document of the lands now comprising Amherst is the deed of purchase dated December 1658 between John Pynchon of Springfield and three native inhabitants, referred to as Umpanchla, Quonquont, and Chickwalopp.[7] According to the deed, "ye Indians of Nolwotogg (Norwottuck) upon ye River of Quinecticott (Connecticut)" sold the entire area in exchange for "two Hundred fatham ofWampam & Twenty fatham, and one large Coate at Eight fatham wch Chickwollop set of, of trusts, besides severall small giftes" [sic].

Amherst was first visited by Europeans no later than 1665, whenNathaniel Dickinson surveyed the lands for its mother townHadley. The first permanent English settlements arrived in 1727. It remained a part of Hadley, even when it gained precinct status in 1734, before becoming atownship in 1759.

When it incorporated, the colonial governor assigned the town the name "Amherst" afterJeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst. Many a colonial governor at the time scattered his name during the influx of new town applications, which is why several towns in theNortheast bear the name. Amherst was Commander-in-Chief of the forces of North America during theFrench and Indian War who, according to popular legend, singlehandedly won Canada for the British and banished France from North America. Popular belief has it that he supported the American side in theRevolutionary War and resigned his commission rather than fight for the British. Baron Amherst actually remained in the service of the Crown during the war—albeit in Great Britain rather than North America—where he organized the defense against the proposed Franco-SpanishArmada of 1779. Nonetheless, his previous service in the French and Indian War meant he remained popular in New England. Amherst is also infamous for recommending, in a letter to a subordinate, the use ofsmallpox-covered blankets in warfare against the Native Americans along with any "other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race".[8] For this reason, there have been occasional ad hoc movements to rename the town.[9]

Amherst celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2009. The Amherst 250th Anniversary Celebration Committee and Amherst Historical Society organized events, including a book published by the Historical Society and written by Elizabeth M. Sharpe,Amherst A to Z.

In 2021 the City Council voted to establish theAmherst African Heritage Reparation Assembly to study reparations for the town's black residents. In 2022, at the Assembly's suggestion, the City Council approved $2,000,000 of initial funding for reparations.

History of town government

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The Town converted from anopen town meeting to arepresentative town meeting form in 1938.[10] In 1953, Amherst voters passed the "Town Manager Act", which established the office of a town manager and reduced a number of elected positions.[10] In 1995, a charter commission was approved to study Amherst's government; the charter majority recommended a seven-person Council and a mayor, while also maintaining a reduced size representative Town Meeting (150).[11] This proposal failed in two successive votes.[10]

In 2001, theLeague of Women Voters Amherst made a number of recommendations that were adopted in 2001 in the form of a revised "Amherst Town Government Act".[12] An effort shortly thereafter to amend the charter to eliminate the town meeting, and establish an elected mayor and a nine-member Town Council,[13] was rejected by voters twice, first in spring 2003 by fourteen votes and again on March 29, 2005 by 252 votes.

In 2016, a charter commission was approved to study Amherst's government. A majority of commissioners proposed a charter that would establish a 13-member council with no mayor.[14][15] This proposal was voted on the March 27, 2018 local ballot,[16] and was passed by over 1,000 votes, a 58% majority.[17] The new town council was sworn in on December 2, 2018.[18]

Geography

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Mount Norwottuck

According to theUnited States Census Bureau, Amherst has a total area of 27.7 square miles (71.8 km2), of which 27.6 square miles (71.5 km2) are land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km2), or 0.48%, are water.[19] The town is bordered byHadley to the west,Sunderland andLeverett to the north,Shutesbury,Pelham, andBelchertown to the east, andGranby andSouth Hadley to the south. The highest point in the town is on the northern shoulder ofMount Norwottuck at the southern border of the town; the peak is in Granby but the town's high point is a few yards away and is about 1,100 feet (340 m). This point is located in theMount Holyoke Range, which forms the so-called "Tofu Curtain". Amherst is nearly equidistant from Massachusetts' borders withConnecticut andVermont.

 
Listing of sights in Amherst, 1886

Amherst'sZIP Code of 01002 is the second-lowest number in the continental United States afterAgawam (not counting codes used for specific government buildings such as theIRS).

Climate

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Amherst has ahumid continental climate that under theKöppen system marginally falls into the warm-summer category (Dfb). It is interchangeable with the hot-summer subtypeDfa with July means hovering around 71.7 °F (22.1 °C). Winters are cold and snowy, albeit daytime temperatures often remain above freezing. Under the 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone system, Amherst (ZIP Code 01002) is in zone 5b;[20] however, Amherst closely borders zone 6a, which penetrates into Massachusetts in the Connecticut River Valley, and climate change may be shifting those zones.[21]

Climate data for Amherst, Massachusetts, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)70
(21)		78
(26)		85
(29)		93
(34)		98
(37)		101
(38)		104
(40)		100
(38)		99
(37)		90
(32)		82
(28)		72
(22)		104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C)55.4
(13.0)		57.1
(13.9)		66.4
(19.1)		80.6
(27.0)		87.9
(31.1)		94.6
(34.8)		93.2
(34.0)		91.2
(32.9)		88.1
(31.2)		78.3
(25.7)		68.9
(20.5)		58.5
(14.7)		95.0
(35.0)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)34.0
(1.1)		37.0
(2.8)		45.2
(7.3)		58.2
(14.6)		69.5
(20.8)		78.0
(25.6)		83.1
(28.4)		81.5
(27.5)		74.4
(23.6)		64.9
(18.3)		49.7
(9.8)		39.2
(4.0)		59.6
(15.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)23.9
(−4.5)		26.2
(−3.2)		34.7
(1.5)		46.3
(7.9)		57.5
(14.2)		66.5
(19.2)		71.7
(22.1)		69.9
(21.1)		62.3
(16.8)		50.2
(10.1)		39.4
(4.1)		30.0
(−1.1)		48.2
(9.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)13.8
(−10.1)		15.3
(−9.3)		24.1
(−4.4)		34.4
(1.3)		45.4
(7.4)		55.0
(12.8)		60.2
(15.7)		58.3
(14.6)		50.3
(10.2)		38.6
(3.7)		29.1
(−1.6)		20.8
(−6.2)		37.1
(2.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)−5.7
(−20.9)		−2.6
(−19.2)		6.5
(−14.2)		22.3
(−5.4)		30.3
(−0.9)		40.5
(4.7)		49.5
(9.7)		46.0
(7.8)		35.5
(1.9)		24.7
(−4.1)		14.5
(−9.7)		3.4
(−15.9)		−8.4
(−22.4)
Record low °F (°C)−30
(−34)		−27
(−33)		−17
(−27)		8
(−13)		24
(−4)		29
(−2)		39
(4)		32
(0)		25
(−4)		12
(−11)		−4
(−20)		−22
(−30)		−30
(−34)
Averageprecipitation inches (mm)3.36
(85)		2.93
(74)		3.47
(88)		3.79
(96)		3.71
(94)		4.46
(113)		4.12
(105)		4.12
(105)		4.62
(117)		4.74
(120)		3.38
(86)		3.89
(99)		46.59
(1,182)
Average snowfall inches (cm)8.1
(21)		11.0
(28)		7.3
(19)		1.0
(2.5)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		1.6
(4.1)		7.5
(19)		36.5
(93.6)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)7.3
(19)		8.9
(23)		7.0
(18)		0.9
(2.3)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.3
(0.76)		1.2
(3.0)		5.7
(14)		11.8
(30)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in)10.89.29.511.112.611.311.010.08.910.89.510.6125.3
Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in)5.65.03.10.60.00.00.00.00.00.10.93.719.0
Source 1: NOAA[22]
Source 2: National Weather Service[23]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
17901,233—    
18001,258+2.0%
18101,469+16.8%
18201,917+30.5%
18302,631+37.2%
18402,550−3.1%
18503,057+19.9%
18603,206+4.9%
18704,035+25.9%
18804,298+6.5%
18904,512+5.0%
19005,028+11.4%
19105,112+1.7%
19205,550+8.6%
19305,883+6.0%
19406,410+9.0%
195010,856+69.4%
196013,718+26.4%
197026,331+91.9%
198033,229+26.2%
199035,228+6.0%
200034,874−1.0%
201037,819+8.4%
202039,263+3.8%
2023*40,277+2.6%
* = population estimate[24]
Source:United States census records andPopulation Estimates Program data.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

As of the 2010 U.S. census, there were 37,819 people, 9,259 households, and 4,484 families residing in the town. There were 9,711 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 76.9% White, 5.4% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 10.9% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.4% some other race, and 4.1% from two or more races. 7.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[37]

Of the 9,259 households in the town, 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6% were headed bymarried couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% were non-families. Of all households, 27.3% were made up of individuals, and 9.7% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.88.[37]

In the town, 10.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 55.7% were from 18 to 24, 13.3% were from 25 to 44, 13.6% were from 45 to 64, and 7.4% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.[37]

For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household in the town was $48,059, and the median income for a family was $96,005. Male full-time workers had a median income of $64,750 versus $39,278 for females. Theper capita income for the town was $18,905. About 8.7% of families and 34.7% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.[38]

Of residents 25 years old or older, 41.7% have a graduate or professional degree, and only 4.9% did not graduate from high school. The largest industry is education, health, and social services, in which 51.9% of employed persons work.

These statistics given above include some but not all of the largestudent population, roughly 30,000 in 2010, many of whom only reside in the town part of the year. Amherst is home to thousands of part-time and full-time residents associated with theUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst,Amherst College, andHampshire College.

Income

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Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[39][40][41]

RankZIP Code (ZCTA)Per capita
income		Median
household
income		Median
family
income		PopulationNumber of
households
Massachusetts$35,763$66,866$84,9006,605,0582,530,147
Hampshire County$29,460$61,227$81,385159,26758,828
United States$28,155$53,046$64,719311,536,594115,610,216
101002$27,691$54,422$96,92929,2669,248
Amherst$19,796$53,191$96,73338,6518,583
201003 (UMass Amherst Campus)$3,531$N/A$N/A11,03216

Economy

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Major employers in Amherst includeUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst,Amherst College,William D. Mullins Memorial Center,Hampshire College, andAmherst-Pelham Regional School District.[42]

Arts and culture

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Points of interest

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Sports

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  • Games were played in town during the1996 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
  • Amherst Regional High School's 1992–93 girls' basketball team inspired the bookIn These Girls, Hope is a Muscle byMadeleine Blais.[46]
  • The University of Massachusetts Amherst's Ultimate Frisbee Team was ranked first in the Division 1 Men's Ultimate league for the 2017 season.[47][48]
  • The Amherst Invitational, founded in 1992, is the oldest high school Ultimate Frisbee tournament in the United States.[49]

Government

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Town Hall

Amherst has atown council for its legislative branch and atown manager for its executive branch. The town manager is appointed by the town council.[50]

Amherst's town council consists of ten district councilors and three councilors-at-large. Two district councilors are elected from each of five districts in Amherst. The three councilors-at-large are elected by the whole town. Each councilor serves a two-year term, except for the first council, where each member will serve a three-year term.[50]

Amherst also has the following elected bodies:[50]

  • A five-member School Committee with two-year terms.
  • A six-member library board of trustees with two-year terms.
  • A single Oliver Smith Will Elector with a two-year term.

Amherst also has a five-member housing authority in which three of the five members are elected by voters. Each member serves a two-year term.[50]

Town Council Members[51]
TitleNameDistrictFirst elected
Councilor-at-LargeMandi Jo HannekeAt-Large2018
Councilor-at-LargeEllisha WalkerAt-Large2021
Councilor-at-LargeAndrew SteinbergAt-Large2018
District CouncilorMichele Miller12021
District CouncilorCathy Schoen12018
District CouncilorLynn Griesemer22018
District CouncilorPatricia De Angelis22018
District CouncilorDorothy Pam32018
District CouncilorJennifer Taub32021
District CouncilorAnika Lopes42021
District CouncilorPam Rooney42021
District CouncilorShalini Bahl-Milne52018
District CouncilorAna Devlin Gauthier52021

State and federal representation

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In theMassachusetts Senate Amherst is in the "Hampshire, Franklin and Worcester" district,[52] represented by Democratic State SenatorJo Comerford since January 2019. In theMassachusetts House of Representatives Amherst is in the3rd Hampshire district,[53] represented by Democratic State RepresentativeMindy Domb since January 2019. Amherst is part of the EighthMassachusetts Governor's Council district and has been represented by Tara Jacobs since January 2023.[54]

Amherst is represented at the federal level by an all-Democratic delegation, including SenatorsElizabeth Warren andEd Markey, and by RepresentativeJim McGovern of theSecond Congressional District of Massachusetts.

Voter registration

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Voter turnout versus voter registration over time.[55]

Voter registration data is from the state election enrollment statistics.

Registered Voters and Party Enrollment[56]
YearDemocraticRepublicanUnenrolledTotal
20048,52247.8%1,2316.9%7,62342.8%17,816
20068,35049.2%1,0766.3%7,22842.6%16,980
20089,34349.3%1,0765.7%8,25743.6%18,956
20108,67549.6%9485.4%7,66143.8%17,501
201210,32446%1,2195.4%10,66547.6%22,425
20149,64545%1,1565.4%10,45448.8%21,431
201610,41446.9%1,1465.2%10,20246%22,196
201810,24946.6%1,0254.7%10,33147%21,993
20208,56251.7%5753.5%7,16643.3%16,551
20227,22251%4143%6,44145%14,243

Politics

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Like many college towns, Amherst leans heavily Democratic. In each of the presidential elections from 2012 to 2020, more than 80% of Amherst's votes went to the Democratic candidate. The last Republican to win Amherst on the Presidential level wasRichard Nixon in1960.[57]

In the2020 United States presidential election, DemocratJoe Biden received 90.3 percent of the vote to incumbent RepublicanDonald Trump's 7.4 percent.[58] In the2000 United States presidential election, Amherst was one of a small number of places that delivered more votes for Green Party candidateRalph Nader (who took 24% of the vote) than Republican candidateGeorge W. Bush, who received just 13%.[59]

Education

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Amherst skyline from the northwest
 
TheYiddish Book Center, located on the campus ofHampshire College

The town is part of theAmherst Regional School District along withLeverett,Pelham, andShutesbury. Amherst has three elementary schools: Crocker Farm Elementary School, Fort River Elementary School, and Wildwood Elementary School serving K–6. Students in Amherst then attend Amherst Regional Middle School for grades 7–8. High school students then attendAmherst Regional High School.

There are three tertiary institutions located in the town: the publicUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst (the flagship of theUMass system), and two private liberal arts colleges—Amherst College andHampshire College.

Infrastructure

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Transportation

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Bus

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ThePioneer Valley Transit Authority, funded by local governments and theFive College Consortium, provides public transportation in the area, operated byUniversity of Massachusetts Transportation Services. Service runs well into the early morning hours on weekends when school is in session. Students attending any colleges in theFive Colleges Consortium have a fee included in their tuition bills (service fee for UMass Amherst students and student activity fees for the other colleges) for each semester that prepays their bus fares for the semester. UMass Transit buses operate via aproof-of-payment system, in which there are random inspections of student identification cards and bus passes and transfers.

Peter Pan Bus Lines provides service between Amherst andSpringfield,Boston, and other locations in New England.[60]Megabus provides service betweenNew York City, Amherst, andBurlington, Vermont.[61]

Rail

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Amtrak rail service is available in nearbyNorthampton on theVermonter service betweenWashington, D.C., andSt. Albans, Vermont. More frequent Amtrak service toNew York City and Washington, D.C., is available fromUnion Station inSpringfield.

Airports

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The closest major domestic and limited international air service is available throughBradley International Airport (BDL) inWindsor Locks, Connecticut. Bradley is located approximately one hour's driving time from Amherst. Major international service is available throughLogan International Airport (BOS) in Boston, 90 miles (140 km) away.

General aviation service is close by, atNorthampton Airport,Westover Metropolitan Airport, andTurners Falls Airport.

Police report

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Since 1997, the local newspaper, theAmherst Bulletin, has published a weekly log of phone calls received by the Amherst Police Department.[62] This police report, whose tone is deadpan and often unintentionally humorous, has been the subject of at least two books[63][64] and a 2002 article inHarper's Magazine, "Gone When Police Got There".[65] For example, an entry from the March 27, 2015 police report reads: "2:48 a.m.—An Ann Whalen Apartments resident awoke to find someone on her balcony looking into her bedroom. The woman later told police she thinks she may have been dreaming prior to calling 911."[66]

Notable people

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Historical

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Born or raised in Amherst

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Live/lived in Amherst

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Sister cities

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Hollander, Paul (1981).Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. xxv.ISBN 9781412831208. RetrievedApril 7, 2013.Brentlinger, a professor of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, was robustly and proudly alienated from American society and culture ... he has probably benefited from living amidst like-minded people in what has been jestingly called 'the people's republic of Amherst, Mass.'
  2. ^Arkes, Hadley (1996). "Response to Fund". In Schaefer, David Lewis; Schaefer, Roberta Rubel (eds.).The future of cities. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. p. 9.ISBN 9780761802709. RetrievedApril 7, 2013.I come to you from one of those places that is in America, but not quite of it...In my case it is the People's Republic of Amherst
  3. ^Sarat, Austin (2008). "Contested Terrain: Visions of Multiculturalism in an American Town". In Minow, Martha; Shweder, Richard A.; Markus, Hazel (eds.).Just Schools: Pursuing Equality in Societies of Difference. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. p. 102.ISBN 9781610447263. RetrievedApril 7, 2013.I live in a place whose liberal tendencies have earned it various nicknames. For example, it has been called 'The People's Republic of Amherst'
  4. ^"Amherst".Dictionary.com. RetrievedNovember 9, 2014.
  5. ^"CIS: Massachusetts City and Town Incorporation and Settlement Dates".www.sec.state.ma.us. RetrievedApril 6, 2018.
  6. ^"Census - Geography Profile: Amherst Town city, Massachusetts". U.S. Census Bureau. RetrievedSeptember 25, 2021.
  7. ^Carpenter, Edward Wilson; Charles Frederick Morehouse (1896).The History of the Town of Amherst, Massachusetts. Amherst, Mass.: Press of Carpenter & Morehouse. pp. 1–2.OCLC 11223569. RetrievedJuly 20, 2015.
  8. ^d'Errico, Peter."Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets". Peter d'Errico's Law Page. RetrievedJuly 20, 2015.
  9. ^Merzbach, Scott."Belchertown man wants Amherst's town name banished".Daily Hampshire Gazette. RetrievedJuly 14, 2018.
  10. ^abcAmherst League of Women Voters,"Your Amherst Government"Archived March 5, 2018, at theWayback Machine (2009).
  11. ^1996 Charter Commission ReportArchived 2018-08-02 at theWayback Machine.
  12. ^League of Women Voters of Amherst 75th Anniversary Program"Archived March 4, 2018, at theWayback Machine, p.11.
  13. ^"2002 Charter Commission Report"(PDF). votenooncharter.org. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on August 2, 2018. RetrievedMarch 4, 2018.
  14. ^Amherst League of Women Voters,"League of Women Voters Offers Evaluative Criteria".
  15. ^Amherst Charter Commission,"Final Report and Home Rule Charter".
  16. ^Amherst, Massachusetts, town website,"Charter Commission" (last visited March 4, 2018).
  17. ^"Amherst voters approve charter change in historic election",Daily Hampshire Gazette (last visited August 18, 2018).
  18. ^"Amherst Town Council Inauguration Celebration". RetrievedApril 25, 2019.
  19. ^"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Amherst town, Hampshire County, Massachusetts".American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived fromthe original on February 13, 2020. RetrievedAugust 7, 2017.
  20. ^"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". Archived fromthe original on May 2, 2021. RetrievedAugust 28, 2018.
  21. ^Massachusetts Plant Hardiness Zone MapArchived October 5, 2013, at theWayback Machine, USDA.
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