Alexander Jackson Davis (July 24, 1803 – January 14, 1892) was an American architect known particularly for his association with theGothic Revival style.
Davis was born in New York City and studied at the American Academy of Fine Arts,[1] the New-York Drawing Association, and from the antique casts of theNational Academy of Design. Dropping out of school, he became alithographer and from 1826 he worked as a draftsman for Josiah R. Brady, a New York architect who was an early exponent of theGothic Revival style. Brady's Gothic 1824 St. Luke's Episcopal Church is the oldest surviving structure inRochester, New York.[2]
Davis made a first independent career as an architectural illustrator in the 1820s,[1] but his friends, especially painterJohn Trumbull, convinced him to turn his hand to designing buildings. Picturesque siting, massing and contrasts remained essential to his work, even when he was building in aClassical style. In 1826, Davis began working in the office ofIthiel Town and Martin E. Thompson, the most prestigious architectural firm of theGreek Revival. In the office Davis had access to the best architectural library in the country, in a congenial atmosphere where he gained a thorough grounding. They designed Sachem's Wood in New Haven, Connecticut, which was built from 1820 to 1830.[3][4]
From 1829, in partnership with Town, Davis formed the first recognizably modern architectural office and designed many late Classical buildings, including some of public prominence. In Washington, Davis designed the Executive Department offices and withRobert Mills the firstPatent Office building (1834–1836).[citation needed] He also designed theCustom House of New York City (1833–1842).Bridgeport City Hall, constructed in 1853 and 1854, is a later government building Davis designed in the Classical style.
A series of consultations over state capitols followed, none apparently built entirely as Davis planned: theIndiana State House,[1] Indianapolis (1831–1835), elicited calls for his advice and designs in building other state capitols in the 1830s:North Carolina's (1833–1840, with local architect David Paton),[1] theIllinois State Capitol,[1] often attributed entirely to the Springfield, Illinois architectJohn F. Rague, who was at work on the Iowa State Capitol at the same time, and in 1839, the committee responsible for commissioning a design for theOhio Statehouse asked his advice. The resulting capitol in Columbus, Ohio, often attributed to theHudson River School painterThomas Cole consulting with Davis andIthiel Town,[5] has a stark GreekDoric ordercolonnade across a recessed entrance, flanked by recessed window bays that continue the rhythm of the centralportico, all under a unique drum capped by a low saucer dome. With Town's partner James Dakin, he designed the noble colossalCorinthian order of theGreek Revival "Colonnade Row" on New York's Lafayette Street, the very first apartments designed for the prosperous American middle class (1833, half still standing). Two years after its completion, Davis was hired to design theDutch Reformed Church upriver in Newburgh, inspired by theTemple of Poseidon, both positioned for the viewing of maritime travelers. He continued in partnership with Town until shortly before Town's death in 1844.
In 1831, he was elected an associate member of the National Academy. From 1835, Davis began work on his only publication,Rural Residences, the first pattern book for picturesque residences in a domesticatedGothic Revival style, which could be executed in carpentry, and also containing the first of theItalianate style "Tuscan" villas, flat-roofed with wide overhanging eaves and picturesque corner towers. Unfortunately, thePanic of 1837 cut short his plans for a series of like volumes, but Davis soon formed a partnership withAndrew Jackson Downing, illustrating his widely read books.
The 1840s and 1850s were Davis's two most fruitful decades as a designer of country houses. His villa"Lyndhurst" atTarrytown, New York, is his most famous house. Many of his villas were built in the scenicHudson River Valley—where his style informed the vernacularHudson River Bracketed that gaveEdith Wharton a title for a novel[7]—but Davis sent plans and specifications to clients as far afield as Indiana. Around 1850, he designedSharswood Plantation for the Virginianplanter Nathaniel Crenshaw Miller. He designedBlandwood, the 1846 home of GovernorJohn Motley Morehead that stands as America's earliest Italianate Tuscan Villa.[citation needed] Innovative interior features, including his designs formantels andsideboards, were also widely imitated in the trade. Other influential interior details include pocket shutters at windows,bay windows, and mirrored surfaces to reflect natural light. TheGreek Revival styleWilliam Walsh House was built atAlbany, New York, andGothic Revival styleBelmead was built nearPowhatan, Virginia, in 1845.[8]
Two smaller but well known structures designed by Davis include one built forJohn Cox Stevens in 1845; Stevens was the firstCommodore of theNew York Yacht Club and the smallCarpenter Gothic building on his property near Hoboken was given to NYYC to be used as its first clubhouse. This building, fondly called "Station 10", still exists and can be found in Newport. Davis built a similar pavilion for his colleague and fellow NYYC founder,John Clarkson Jay, on Jay's Long Island Sound waterfront property inRye, New York, in 1849. Although this building was taken down in the 1950s, the original setting and garden where it was once located is part of aNational Historic Landmark site and open to the public.
In 1851, Davis completedWinyah Park, one of approximately eighteen or more Italianate houses he designed in the 1850s. Winyah was built for Richard Lathers, who had studied architecture with Davis in New York in the 1830s. It was situated on Lathers's estate in the town ofNew Rochelle inWestchester County, New York. For this design Davis won the first architectural prize at the New York World's Fair of 1853–1854.[9][10] He used its most striking feature, two adjacent yet contrasting towers, in a much larger house named Grace Hill, built in Brooklyn between 1853 and 1854. In both Winyah and Grace Hill, broad octagonal towers serve as visual anchors for the taller square towers. Lathers later employed Davis to design four additional "investment houses" on his property which became known as"Lathers's Hill". The homes included two Gothic cottages and "Tudor Villa" constructed in 1858, and "Pointed Villa" constructed in 1859. In 1890, the artistFrederic Remington purchased one of these cottages from which he created his estate "Endion", which served as the studio for most of his artistic career.[11]
The success of "Winyah Park" and "Lathers's Hill" generated other important commissions for Davis in New Rochelle, including two cottage-villas,Wildcliff andSans Souci, which he designed for members of a prominent Davenport family. Both homes feature Davis's signature centralgable. Another extant Gothic Revival commission is Whitby Castle, designed in 1852 for Davis' lifelong friend William Chapman. The building is part of theBoston Post Road Historic District (Rye, New York) and retains many original features. Today it is used as the clubhouse for theRye Golf Club.
Davis was invited to become a member of theAmerican Institute of Architects shortly after its founding in 1857.[12] In the late 1850s, Davis worked with the entrepreneur Llewellyn S. Haskell to createLlewellyn Park inWest Orange, New Jersey, a garden suburb that was one of the first planned residential communities in the United States.[13]
Davis is credited with coining the term "Collegiate Gothic", documented in a handwritten description of his own "English Collegiate Gothic Mansion" of 1853 for the Harrals of Bridgeport, Connecticut.[16][17]
He married Margaret Beale in 1853 and had two children.
House for William J. Rotch, New Bedford, Massachusetts (front elevation) 1845. The Reuel E. Smith house (1852) is similar to this plan.Litchfield Villa, Brooklyn, New York (1857)
Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Davis (see index)
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