TheCulture of Africa is varied and manifold, consisting of a mixture of countries with various peoples depicting their unique characteristic and trait from the continent ofAfrica.^[1] It is a product of the diverse populations that inhabit the continent of Africa and theAfrican diaspora. Generally, Culture can be defined as a collective mass of distinctive qualities belonging to a certain group of people.^[2] These qualities include laws, morals, beliefs, knowledge, art, customs, and any other attributes belonging to a member of that society.^[3] Culture is the way of life of a group of people.

Africa has numerous ethnic nationalities all with varying qualities such as language, dishes, greetings, dressing, dances and music. However, each of the regions of Africa share a series of dominant cultural traits which distinguish various African regional cultures from each other and the rest of the world. For example, social values, religion, morals, political values, economics, andaesthetic values all contribute to various African cultures.^[4] Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity^[5] being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though within various regions, the cultures are widely diverse,^[6] they are also, when closely studied, seen to have many similarities; for example, the morals they uphold, their love and respect for their culture, as well as the strong respect they hold for the aged and the important, i.e.kings and chiefs.^[7]

Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents.^[8] This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever-changing modern world rather than staying rooted in their static culture. TheWesternized few, persuaded byAmerican culture andChristianity, first denied African traditional culture, but with the increase of Africannationalism, a cultural recovery occurred. The governments of mostAfrican nations encourage national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower degree, artists and writers.^[9]

Over 90 to 95% of Africa's cultural heritage is held outside of Africa by large museums.^[10] It is also important to note in a quote from BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) on African culture, “a recent study by Foresight Factory on defining factors of identity, 50-60% of British black African/Caribbean respondents, agreed that ethnicity played a key role, the largest of any group. The singular viewpoint of ‘black’ as an ‘identifier’ or an ‘ethnicity’ not only denies cultural differences between the population, it also denies the nuance within a vastly diverse community…. When we attempt to define African culture and identity, we have to be mindful that we are viewing a broad ethnicity comprising different sub communities that are resistant to having their heritage and culture boxed in simplistic labels.^[11]”

African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,^[12] have several distinct differences than that ofBlack culture,^[13] which originated byAfrican Americans in the United States after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures during enslavement.

Africa is divided into a great number of ethnic cultures.^[14][15][16] The continent's cultural regeneration has also been an integral aspect of post-independence nation-building on the continent, with a recognition of the need to harness the cultural resources of Africa to enrich the process of education, requiring the creation of an enabling environment in several ways. In recent times, the call for a much greater emphasis on the cultural dimension in all aspects of development has become increasingly vocal.^[17] During the Roman colonization ofNorth Africa (parts of Algeria, Libya, Egypt, and the whole of Tunisia), provinces such asTripolitania became major producers of food for the republic and the empire. This generated much wealth in these places for their 400 years of occupation.^[18]

Duringcolonialism in Africa, Europeans possessed attitudes of superiority and a sense of mission. The French accepted an African as French if that person gave up their African culture and adopted French ways. Knowledge of the Portuguese language and culture and abandonment of traditionalAfrican ways defined one as civilized.^[19] (See also:Britons in Africa#Culture)

Kenyan social commentator Mwiti Mugambi argues that the future of Africa can only be forged from accepting and mending the sociocultural present. For Mugambi, colonial cultural hangovers, pervasive Western cultural inundation, and aid-giving arm-twisting donors are, he argues, here to stay and no amount of looking into Africa's past will make them go away. However,Maulana Karenga states:

Our culture provides us with an ethos we must honor in both thought and practice. By ethos, we mean a people's self-understanding as well as its self-presentation in the world through its thought and practice in the other six areas of culture. It is, above all, a cultural challenge. For culture is here defined as the totality of thought and practice by which a people creates itself, celebrates, sustains and develops itself and introduces itself to history and humanity

— Maulana Karenga, African Culture and the Ongoing Quest for Excellence^[20]

Africa has a rich tradition ofarts andcrafts. African arts and crafts find expression in a variety ofwoodcarvings,brass andleather artworks. African arts and crafts also includesculpture,paintings,pottery,ceremonial andreligiousheadgear anddress.Maulana Karenga states that in African art, the object was not as important as the soul force behind the creation of the object. He also states that All art must be revolutionary, and in being revolutionary, it must be collective, committing, and functional. The meaning behind what he said can simply be interpreted as black art serving an actual purpose in the direction of a revolutionary change. Black art should not be done simply for “arts sake” but should rather be a means by which artists make a vast change through a medium that awakens, strengthens, and provides inspiration for a massive change within the black community.^[21]

Certain African cultures have always emphasized personal appearance, andjewelry has remained an important personalaccessory. Many pieces of such jewelry are made ofcowry shells and similar materials. Similarly,masks are made with elaborate designs and are an important part of some cultures in Africa.^[22] Masks are used in various ceremonies depicting ancestors and spirits, mythological characters, and deities.^[23][24]

In many traditional arts and craft traditions in Africa, certain themes significant to those particular cultures recur, including a couple, a woman with a child, a male with a weapon or animal, and an outsider or a stranger. Couples may represent ancestors, community founders, married couples, or twins. The couple theme rarely exhibits the intimacy of men and women. The mother with the child or children reveals the intense desire of the women to have children. The theme is also representative of mother mars and the people as her children. The man with the weapon or animal theme symbolizes honor and power. A stranger may be from some other tribe or someone from a different country, and a more distorted portrayal of the stranger indicates a proportionately greater gap from the stranger. These are all popular interpretations of African craft and art.

Like all human cultures, African folklore^[25] and religion represents a variety of social facets of the various cultures in Africa.^[26] Like almost all civilizations and cultures, flood myths have been circulating in different parts of Africa. Culture and religion share space and are deeply intertwined in African cultures. In Ethiopia, Christianity and Islam form the core aspects of Ethiopian culture and inform dietary customs and rituals and rites.^[27] According to a myth amongCentral African foragers, Chameleon, hearing a strange noise in a tree, cut open its trunk, and water came out in a great flood that spread all over the land.^[28]

Folktales also play an important role in many African cultures. Stories reflect a group's cultural identity, and preserving the stories of Africa will help preserve an entire culture. Storytelling affirms pride and identity in a culture. In Africa, stories are created by and for the ethnic group telling them. Different ethnic groups in Africa have different rituals or ceremonies for storytelling, which creates a sense of belonging to a cultural group. To outsiders hearing an ethnic group's stories, it provides an introspection and insight into the beliefs, views, and customs of the community. For people within the community, it allows them to encompass their group's uniqueness. They show the human desires and fears of a group, such as love, marriage, and death. Folktales are also seen as a tool for education and entertainment. Folklore provides the wisdom to understand certain moments from different perspectives and it also showcases that all of our problems and successes happen in every culture and throughout different periods of history.^[29] They provide a way for children to understand the material and social environment. Every story has a moral to teach people, such as goodwill prevail over evil. For entertainment, stories are set in fantastic, non-human worlds. Often, the main character of the story would be a talking animal, or something unnatural would happen to a human character. Even though folktales are for entertainment, they bring a sense of belonging and pride to communities in Africa.^[30]

There are different types of African stories: animal tales and day-to-day tales. Animal tales are more oriented towards entertainment but still have morals and lessons to them. Animal tales are normally divided into trickster tales and ogre tales. In animal tales, a certain animal would always have the same character or role in each story, so the audience does not have to worry about characterization. The popular roles for some animals are as follows; The Hare was always the trickster, clever and cunning, while the Hyena was always tricked by the Hare. Ogres are always cruel, greedy monsters. The messengers in all the stories were the Birds. Day-to-Day tales are the most serious tales, never including humor, that explained the everyday life and struggles of an African community. These tales take on famine, escape from death, courtship, and family matters, using a song form when the climax of the story was being told.^[31]

African stories all have a certain structure to them. Villagers would gather around a common meeting place at the end of the day to listen and tell their stories. Storytellers had certain commands to start and end the stories, "Ugai Itha" to get the audience's attention and begin the story, and "Rukirika" to signal the end of a tale.^[32][33] Each scene of a story is depicted with two characters at a time, so the audience does not get overwhelmed. In each story, victims can overcome their predators and take justice out on the culprit. Certain tools were used in African folktales. For example, idiophones, such as drums, were used to make the sounds of different animals. Repetition and call-back techniques in prose or poem were also used to get the audience involved in the stories.^[34][35]

Women's traditional clothes inEthiopia are made fromcloth calledschema and are used to makehabesha kemis. This all white outfit can be said to be the national costume for the Ethiopian as a result of it being commonly accepted and it's wild spread use but there exists much more variations to this outfit for example the Oromo people of Bale wear more of a leather garment and the Afaris wear brightly colored wraps made of cotton.^[36] The latter garment (habesha kemis) is basically cotton cloth, about 90 cm wide, woven in long strips which are then sewn together. Sometimes shiny threads are woven into thefabric for an elegant effect.^[37] Men wear pants and a knee-length shirt with a whitecollar, and perhaps a sweater. Men often wear knee-high socks, while women might not wear socks at all. Men, as well as women, wear shawls, thenetela.^[38]

Zulus wear a variety of attire, both traditional for ceremonial or culturally celebratory occasions. Traditional male clothing is usually light, consisting of a two-part apron (similar to a loincloth) used to cover the genitals and buttocks. The front piece is called theumutsha (pronouncedZulu pronunciation:[umtifash]) and is usually made ofspringbok or other animal hide twisted into different bands which cover the genitals. The rear piece, called the Ibheshu[ibeːʃu], is made of a single piece of springbok orcattle hide, and its length is usually used as an indicator of age and social position; longer amabheshu (plural of ibheshu) are worn by older men. Married men will usually also wear a headband, called theumqhele[umǃʰɛle], which is usually also made of springbok hide, orleopard hide by men of higher social status, such as chiefs. Zulu men will also wear cow tails as bracelets and anklets calledimishokobezi[imiʃoɠoɓɛːzi] during ceremonies and rituals, such as weddings or dances.^[39][40]

In the Muslim parts of Africa, daily attire also often reflects Islamic tradition. The traditional attire for the Muslim men usually covers a minimum of the head and the range between the waist of the man and the knees, while the dress code for the islamic women is made to conceal and cover the hair and the body from the neck down to the ankles. There are some Muslim women who alsoconceal their face. Nevertheless, there are some Muslims that believe that theQuran does not command that women should wear ahijab or aburqa.^[41]

The various cuisines of Africa use a combination of locally availablefruits,cereal grains andvegetables, as well asmilk andmeat products. In some parts of the continent, the traditional diet features a preponderance of milk,curd andwhey products. In much of tropical Africa, however, cow's milk is rare and cannot be produced locally (owing to various diseases that affect livestock). The continent's diverse demographic makeup is reflected in the many different eating and drinking habits, dishes, and preparation techniques of its manifold populations.^[42] However it is important to consider the affordability of and access of these products on daily basis.

InCentral Africa, the basic ingredients are plantains and cassava.Fufu-starchy foods (usually made from fermented cassava roots) are served with grilled meat and sauces. Many local ingredients are used while preparing other dishes likespinach stew, cooked with tomato, peppers, chillis, onions, and peanut butter. Cassava plants are also consumed as cookedgreens. Groundnut (peanut) stew is also prepared, containingchicken,okra,ginger, and other spices. Another favorite is Bambara, aporridge of rice, peanut butter, and sugar. Beef and chicken are favorite meat dishes, but game meat preparations containingcrocodile,monkey,antelope andwarthog are also served occasionally.

The cuisine of theAfrican Great Lakes region varies from area to area. In the inland savannah, the traditional cuisine of cattle-keeping people is distinctive in that meat products are generally absent.Cattle,sheep andgoats were regarded as a form ofcurrency and a store of wealth and are not generally consumed as food. In some areas, traditional people consume the milk and blood of cattle, but rarely the meat. Elsewhere, other peoples are farmers who grow a variety of grains and vegetables.Maize (corn) is the basis ofugali, the East African version of West Africa'sfufu. Ugali is a starch dish eaten with meats or stews. InUganda, steamed, greenbananas calledmatoke provide the starch filler of many meals.

In theHorn of Africa, the main traditional dishes inEthiopian cuisine andEritrean cuisine aretsebhis (stews) served withinjera^[43] (flatbread made fromteff,^[43]wheat, orsorghum), and hilbet (paste made fromlegumes, mainlylentil,faba beans). Eritrean andEthiopian cuisine (especially in the northern half) are very similar, given the shared history of the two countries. The relatedSomali cuisine consists of an exoticfusion of diverse culinary influences. Varieties ofbariis (rice), the most popular probably beingbasmati, usually serve as the main dish.Xalwo (halwo) orhalva is a popular confection served during special occasions such asEid celebrations or wedding receptions.^[44] After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed usingfrankincense (lubaan)^{[what language is this?]} orincense (cuunsi)^{[what language is this?]}, which is prepared inside anincense burner referred to as adabqaad. All food is servedhalal.

The roots ofNorth African cuisine can be traced back to the ancient empires of North Africa, particularly in Egypt, where many of the country's dishes and culinary traditions date back to ancient Egypt. Over several centuries traders, travelers, invaders, migrants and immigrants all have influenced the cuisine of North Africa. Most of the North African countries today have several similar dishes, sometimes almost the same dish with a different name (the Moroccantangia and the Tunisiancoach are both essentially the same dish: a meat stew prepared in anurn and cooked overnight in a public oven), sometimes with a slight change in ingredients and cooking style. To add to the confusion, two completely different dishes may also share the same name (for example, a "tajine" dish is a slow-cooked stew in Morocco, whereas the Tunisian "tajine" is a bakedomelet/quiche-like dish). There are noticeable differences between the cooking styles of different nations – there's the sophisticated, full-bodied flavours ofMoroccan palace cookery, the fiery dishes ofTunisian cuisine, and the humbler, simpler cuisines ofEgypt andAlgeria.^[45]

The cooking of Southern Africa is sometimes called 'rainbow cuisine', as the food in this region is a blend of many culinary traditions, including those of theKhoisan,Bantu,European andAsian populations. Basic ingredients include seafood, meat products (including wild game), poultry, as well as grains, fresh fruits and vegetables. Fruits includeapples,grapes,mangoes,bananas andpapayas,avocado,oranges,peaches andapricots. Desserts may simply be fruit. However, there are some more western style puddings, such as the AngolanCocada amarela, which was inspired byPortuguese cuisine. Meat products include lamb, as well as game likevenison,ostrich, andimpala. The seafood includes a wide variety such ascrayfish,prawns,tuna,mussels,oysters, calamari,mackerel, andlobster. There are also several types of traditional and modernalcoholic beverages including many European-stylebeers.

A typical West African meal is heavy withstarchy items, meat, spices, and flavors. A wide array of staples are eaten across the region, including those of Fufu,Banku andKenkey (originating fromGhana), Foutou,Couscous, Tô, andGarri, which are served alongside soups and stews. Fufu is often made from starchyroot vegetables such asyams,cocoyams, orcassava, but also from cereal grains like millet, sorghum or plantains. The staple grain or starch varies from region to region and ethnic group to ethnic group. However, corn has gained significant ground as it is cheap, swells to greater volumes and creates a beautiful white final product that is greatly desired. Banku and Kenkey are maize dough staples, and Garri is made from dried grated cassavas. Rice dishes are also widely eaten in the region, especially in the drySahel belt inland. Examples of these includeBenachin fromThe Gambia andJollof rice, a pan-West African rice dish similar to Arabkabsah.

Traditional Sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region's various populations. The common perception of Sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered on the drums, and indeed, a large part of Sub-Saharan music, mainly among speakers ofNiger–Congo andNilo-Saharan languages, is rhythmic and centered on the drum. Sub-Saharan music is polyrhythmic, usually consisting of multiple rhythms in one composition such as theSerer ofSenegambia's ultra-religiousnjuup tradition^[46] (the progenitor ofmbalax^[47][48]). Dance involves moving multiple body parts. These aspects of Sub-Saharan music were transferred to the new world by enslaved West Africans and can be seen in its influence on music forms asSamba,Jazz,Rhythm and Blues,Rock & Roll,Salsa, andRap music.^[49]

Other African musical traditions also involve strings, horns, and very few poly-rhythms. Music from the eastern Sahel and along the Nile, among theNilo-Saharan, made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times. Dancing involves swaying body movements and footwork. Among theKhoisans extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork.^[50]

Modern Sub-Saharan African music has been influenced by music from the New World (Jazz, Salsa, Rhythm and Blues etc.). Popular styles includeMbalax inSenegal andGambia,Highlife inGhana,Zoblazo inCôte d'Ivoire,Makossa inCameroon,Soukous in theDemocratic Republic of Congo,Kizomba inAngola, andXhosa music inSouth Africa. New World styles like Salsa, R&B/Rap, Reggae, and Zouk also have widespread popularity.

Like the musical genres of theNile Valley and theHorn of Africa,^[54] North African music has close ties withMiddle Eastern music and utilizes similar melodicmodes (maqamat).^[55] It has a considerable range, from themusic of ancient Egypt to theBerber and theTuareg music of the desert nomads. The region's art music has for centuries followed the outline ofArabic andAndalusian classical music. Its popular contemporary genres include theAlgerianRaï.Somali music is typicallypentatonic, using fivepitches peroctave in contrast to aheptatonic (seven note) scale such as themajor scale.^[54] InEthiopia, theAmhara music of thehighlands uses a fundamental modal system calledqenet, of which there are four main modes:tezeta,bati,ambassel, andanchihoy.^[56] Three additional modes are variations on the above: tezeta minor, bati major, and bati minor.^[57] Some songs take the name of their qenet, such astizita, a song of reminiscence.^[56]

Africa is home to approximately one-third of the world's languages,^[58] anywhere between 1000 and 2000 languages. The main ethnolinguistic divisions in Africa areAfro-Asiatic (approximately 200 languages) covering nearly Northern Africa (including the horn of Africa, Central Sahara et the top Nile),^[59]Niger–Congo with approximately 1,350 - 1,650 languages is the largest of the four; it is also the largest language family in the world. The Niger-Congo languages inhabit Western, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa^[58] this includes the Bantu language.Nilo-Saharan in parts of theSahara and theSahel and parts ofEastern Africa, andKhoisan (indigenous minorities ofSouthern Africa).^[60] Nilo-Saharan gathers approximately 140 languages with some eleven million speakers scattered in Central and Eastern Africa.^[59] Last but not least is theKhoisan family with between 40 - 70 members. Believed to be the oldest of the four language families, it is the smallest of the four and is found mainly in Southern Africa.^[58]

The continent of Africa speaks hundreds of languages, and if dialects spoken by various ethnic groups are also included, the number is much higher. These languages and dialects do not have the same importance: some are spoken by only a few hundred people, others are spoken by millions. The most widely spoken languages of Africa,Swahili (100 million),Hausa (38 million), Yoruba (20 million), Amharic (20 million), Igbo (21 million), and Fula (13 million), belong mostly to the Niger-Congo family.^[58] Very few countries of Africa use any single language, and for this reason, several official languages coexist, African and European. Some Africans speak various European languages such as English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, German and Dutch. The official languages of theAfrican Union and all its institutions shall be Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Kiswahili and any other African language.^[61]

African cultures have had profound influences on the rest of the world throughWest African cultural traditions that were brought tothe Americas and theCaribbean during theTrans-Atlantic Slave Trade, as well as later immigration of people from throughout Africa.^[62][63][64]

African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,^[12] have several distinct differences than that of Black culture,^[13] which originated byAfrican Americans in the United States after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures during enslavement. Some differences are that African cultures retain tribal affairs to only be worn during specific events, hand carvings, tribal masks and dances^[65] whereasBlack culture isethnic to African Americans such as hip hop,jazz,hamboning and soul food. Though some Africanisms were retained in Black culture of the United States, most of Black American culture and history was created by Black Americans.^[66] The same retained Africanisms and also created cultural differences and can be noticed and noted in Caribbean cultures from the descendants of the enslaved as well as in black South American cultures, such as culturally different expressions, foods, styles and languages due to the centuries separation and enslavement away from the African continent, being formed uniquely in places like Bahia, Brazil.^[67]

• African philosophy
• Africana philosophy
• African divination
• History of Africa
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• Culture of Asia
• Culture of Europe
• Culture of North America
• Culture of Oceania
• Culture of South America
• National African Immigrant Heritage Month

• Finnegan, Ruth; Leiper, Thomas.Oral literature in Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.
• Robert H. Milligan.The jungle folk of Africa. New York: Fleming H. Revell company, 1908.
• ----The fetish folk of West Africa. New York: Fleming H. Revell company, 1912.

• Unesco African Website
• Squinti African Art
• culture africaine
• African Union