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A'ou language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kra language spoken in China
A'ou
Native toChina
RegionGuizhou
Native speakers
50 (2011)[1]
Kra–Dai
Language codes
ISO 639-3aou
Glottologaoua1234

A'ou (阿欧方言) orRed Gelao (红仡佬语) is an endangeredGelao language spoken by fewer than 100 people inGuizhou,China.[2] Only the Hongfeng (红丰) and Bigong (比贡)dialects are still spoken, each with only a few dozen speakers.

Dialects

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The main dialects of A'ou, which all have limitedmutual intelligibility, are:

  • Hongfeng (红丰)[3]
  • Bigong (比贡)[4]
  • Qiaoshang (桥上)[5] (extinct)

Only one elderly speaker of the Houzitian (猴子田) dialect was found in 2013, and it is likely now extinct.[6]

Mulao (木佬) is sometimes also included, in addition toYi (羿), an extinct A'ouvariety ofSichuan.[7]

Phonology

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Consonants

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LabialAlveolar(Alveolo-)
palatal
VelarUvularGlottal
plainretroflex
Stopvoicelessptkqʔ
aspirated
voicedbd
Affricatevoicelessts
aspiratedtsʰtɕʰ
Fricativevoicelessfsɕ(x)χh
voicedvzʑɣʁ
Nasalmnŋ
Lateralmedianlɭ(ˀl)
fricativeɬ
Approximantwj
  • Consonant clusters may include /pl, bl, vl, ml/.
  • /d/ may have an allophone of [ˀl], heard in free variation.
  • Nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ/ may be heard as prenasal sounds [ᵐb, ⁿt, ᵑɡ] when in combination with low tones in initial position.
  • /χ/ may also be heard as velar [x] in free variation.

Vowels

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FrontCentralBack
Closei(ɯ)u
Midɛ(ə)(ɤ)ɔ
Opena
Syllabicɹ̩
  • Sounds /ə, ɯ, ɤ/ are only heard when in vowel diphthongs /əu, aɯ, əɯ, ɤu/ or triphthongs /iəɯ, iəu, uəɯ/.
  • /ə/ only rarely occurs as a monophthong.
  • /ɛ/ may also be heard as [e] in free variation.[4]

References

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  1. ^A'ou atEthnologue (25th ed., 2022)Closed access icon
  2. ^Li Jinfang [李锦芳]. 2006.Studies on endangered languages in the Southwest China [西南地区濒危语言调查研究]. Beijing: Minzu University [中央民族大学出版社].
  3. ^Zhou Guoyan 周国炎. 2004.Gelao zu mu yu sheng tai yan jiu 仡佬族母語生态硏究 (Studies on the linguistic ecology of the Gelao people). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.
  4. ^abLi Xia; Li Jinfang; Luo Yongxian. 2014.A Grammar of Zoulei, Southwest China. Bern: Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.ISBN 978-3-0343-1344-5
  5. ^Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "Proto-Kra."Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area23 (1): 1-251.
  6. ^Hsiu, Andrew. 2017.Red Gelao (Houzitian) audio word list.doi:10.5281/zenodo.1122531
  7. ^Zhang Jimin 张済民. 1993.Gelao yu yan jiu 仡佬语研究 (A study of Gelao). Guiyang, China: Guizhou People's Press 贵州民族出版社.
Kra
Gelao
Kam–Sui
Biao
Lakkia
Hlai
Jiamao
BeJizhao
Tai
(Zhuang, etc.)
Northern
Central
Southwestern
(Thai)
Northwestern
Lao–Phutai
Chiang Saen
Southern
(other)
(mixed)
(mixed origins)
proposed groupings
Proto-languages
Italics indicateextinct languages

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