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634

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Calendar year

Calendar year

634 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	634 DCXXXIV
Ab urbe condita	1387
Armenian calendar	83 ԹՎ ՁԳ
Assyrian calendar	5384
Balinese saka calendar	555–556
Bengali calendar	40–41
Berber calendar	1584
Buddhist calendar	1178
Burmese calendar	−4
Byzantine calendar	6142–6143
Chinese calendar	癸巳年 (Water Snake) 3331 or 3124 — to — 甲午年 (Wood Horse) 3332 or 3125
Coptic calendar	350–351
Discordian calendar	1800
Ethiopian calendar	626–627
Hebrew calendar	4394–4395
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	690–691
-Shaka Samvat	555–556
-Kali Yuga	3734–3735
Holocene calendar	10634
Iranian calendar	12–13
Islamic calendar	12–13
Japanese calendar	N/A
Javanese calendar	524–525
Julian calendar	634 DCXXXIV
Korean calendar	2967
Minguo calendar	1278 beforeROC 民前1278年
Nanakshahi calendar	−834
Seleucid era	945/946AG
Thai solar calendar	1176–1177
Tibetan calendar	ཆུ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Water-Snake) 760 or 379 or −393 — to — ཤིང་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Wood-Horse) 761 or 380 or −392

TheRashidun Caliphate invade theLevant

Muslim invasion ofKhalid ibn al-Walid inSyria

Year634 (DCXXXIV) was acommon year starting on Saturday of theJulian calendar. The denomination 634 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when theAnno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

Arab–Byzantine War: EmperorHeraclius, ill, infirm, and unpopular with theEastern Orthodox Church, is unable to personally lead theByzantine army to resist theMuslim conquest of the Levant. He sends his brotherTheodore to assemble forces to retake the newly won Muslim territories.Monophysites and Jews throughout Syria welcome the Arab invaders, as they are discontented with Byzantine rule.
July 30 –Battle of Ajnadayn: Byzantine forces (90,000 men according to Muslim sources) under Theodore are defeated by theRashidun Caliphate nearBeit Shemesh (modern-dayIsrael). Heraclius, who is inEmesa, flees toAntioch upon hearing news of the battle's outcome.

Europe

KingDagobert I is forced by the Austrasiannobles to put his 3-year-old sonSigebert III on the throne, ceding royal power inAustrasia. He frees himself from dependence onPepin of Landen, and extends his rule over theBretons (approximate date).

Britain

Eanfrith of Bernicia and his bodyguard are killed by KingCadwallon of Gwynedd, in an attempt to negotiate peace.^[1] Eanfrith's brotherOswald returns from 18 years exile inDál Riata (modern Scotland), to claim the crown ofNorthumbria.
Battle of Heavenfield: Oswald, possibly accompanied by a force ofScots (orPicts), defeats and kills Cadwallon with aWelsh army nearHexham (northern England). He reunitesDeira withBernicia, and becomes king of Northumbria.

Persia

Battle of the Bridge: Persian forces (10,000 men) underBahman Jadhuyih defeat the Muslim Arabs at theEuphrates (nearKufa). The sight ofelephants panics the Muslims, and many are killed. Bahman does not pursue the fleeing Arab army.^[2]

Arabia

Battle of Firaz: The Rashidun Arabs (15,000 men) underKhalid ibn al-Walid defeat the combined forces of theByzantine Empire,Persian Empire andArab Christians (at least 10 times larger than Khalid's army) inMesopotamia (Iraq).^[3]^{[full citation needed]}
February 4 –Battle of Dathin: Rashidun forces underYazid ibn Abi Sufyan defeat the Christian Arabs aroundGaza. The Muslim victory is celebrated by the local Jews, who have been a persecuted minority within the Byzantine Empire.^[4]
TheRashidun Caliphate starts the Islamic conquest of the Byzantine Empire, when Muslim forces underAbu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah invade the Levant. Khalid sets out for Syria fromAl-Hirah, taking with him half his army, about 8,000 strong.^[5]
Battle of al-Qaryatayn: The Muslim Arabs under Khalid defeat theGhassanids atAl-Qaryatayn, after the inhabitants resist his proposals. His army conquers andplunders the city, before proceeding to capture other towns in the area.^[6]
Battle of Marj Rahit: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid defeats the Byzantine forces (15,000 men) and their Ghassanid allies. After the battle he sends a mounted column to the outskirts ofDamascus, to plunder the region.^[7]^{[page needed]}
Battle of Bosra: Muslim forces under Khalidbesiege the Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison (12,000 men) atBosra. After a few days the fortress city surrenders; Khalid imposes a payment oftribute on the inhabitants.
August 23 –Abu Bakr dies atMedina and is succeeded byUmar I, who becomes the secondcaliph (khalifah) of the Rashidun Caliphate. During his rule, Umar conquers Syria,Persia, andEgypt in a"Holy War".
September 19 –Siege of Damascus: Muslim Arabs under Khalid conquer Damascus as the first major city of the Byzantine Empire. Damascan refugees are given a guarantee of safety to retreat to Antioch.
Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj: A Byzantine convoy of Damascan refugees (10,000 men) is slaughtered by a Muslim army near Antioch. TheMobile Guard (elitelight cavalry) captures a great amount ofbrocade.

Asia

TheTuyuhun Kingdom is invaded by Chinese forces underLi Jing (Tang dynasty) duringEmperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun, resulting in the murder of their leader (khan)Murong Fuyun in635.
Tai Zong orders the construction of theDaming Palace inChang'an. He builds the summer palace for his retired father, EmperorGao Zu, as an act offilial piety.

By topic

Religion

Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irishmissionary, is summoned by King Oswald fromIona (Inner Hebrides) to establish abishopric on the holy island ofLindisfarne, and reestablish Christianity in Northumbria (approximate date).
Birinus, Frankish missionary, lands at the port of "Hamwic" (now in theSt. Mary's area ofSouthampton), on his mission to reconvert theWest Saxons in England.^[8] About this time, theSt Mary's Church is founded.^[9]
Sophronius becomespatriarch of Jerusalem. He sendssynodical letters toPope Honorius I and the Eastern patriarchs, explaining theOrthodox belief, by renouncingMonothelitism.

Births

Athanasius II Baldoyo,patriarch of Antioch (d.686)
Chad of Mercia, Anglo-Saxonabbot (d.672)
Cuthbert, Anglo-Saxonbishop (approximate date)
En no Ozunu, Japaneseascetic (approximate date)

Deaths

August 23 –Abu Bakr, MuslimCaliph
Cadwallon, king ofGwynedd (Wales)
Eanfrith, king ofBernicia (northern England)
Sigeberht, king ofEast Anglia (approximate date)

References

^Bede Book III,Chapter I.
^Richard Nelson Frye,The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs, p. 9. Cambridge University Press (1975)
^Akram 1969.
^Walter E. Kaegi,Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge University Press (1992)
^Akram 1970, p. 576.
^Blankinship, 1993, p. 110
^Akram 1970.
^Coles, R.J. (1981).Southampton's Historic Buildings. City of Southampton Society, p. 6
^A Brief History of St. Mary's Church. Retrieved 30 October 2009

Sources

Akram, Agha IbrahimThe Sword of Allah:
- Akram, A. I. (1969)."The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns". Lahore: Feroze Sons. Archived fromthe original on February 24, 2002. RetrievedJune 8, 2013.
- Akram, Agha Ibrahim (1970).The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Rawalpindi: National Publishing House.ISBN 978-07101-0104-4.
Bede."Book III".Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Internet History Sourcebooks Project.

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634

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