1734 (MDCCXXXIV) was acommon year starting on Friday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Tuesday of theJulian calendar, the 1734th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 734th year of the2nd millennium, the 34th year of the18th century, and the 5th year of the1730s decade. As of the start of 1734, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

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• January 8 – Salzburgers,Lutherans who were expelled by theRoman CatholicBishop ofSalzburg,Austria, in October1731, set sail for theBritish Colony ofGeorgia inAmerica.^[1]
• February 16 – TheOstend Company, established in 1722 in theAustrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) to compete for trade in theWest Indies (the Caribbean islands) and theEast Indies (south and southeast Asia), ceases business as part of the agreement by Austria in theSecond Treaty of Vienna.
• March 12 – Salzburgers arrive at the mouth of theSavannah River in the BritishColony of Georgia.

• April 25 –Easter occurs on the latest possible date (the next time is in1886).
• May 15 –Prince Charles of Spain (later King Charles III) becomes the new King of Naples and Sicily, five days after his arrival in Naples.
• May 25 – Spanish forces under the command ofJosé Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar, defeat the Austrian forces, completing the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples at theBattle of Bitonto.
• May 27 – French and Swiss troops suppress theslave insurrection in the Danish West Indies on the island ofSaint John (part of the modern-dayU.S. Virgin Islands) after six months and restore control of the plantations to the Danish owners.^[2]
• June 6 – With the conclusion of theBritish general election (voting having begun in some constituencies onApril 22), theWhigs, led by Prime MinisterRobert Walpole, lose 85 seats but retain their majority.
• June 17 – French troops takePhilippsburg, but theDuke of Berwick is killed.
• June 21 – InMontreal,New France, a black slave known by the French name ofMarie-Joseph Angélique istortured thenhanged by theFrench authorities for allegedly setting a fire that destroyed part of the city.
• June 30 –War of the Polish Succession:Russian troops takeGdańsk (German: Danzig), which had been besieged sinceFebruary 1734, after the failure of aFrench expedition to relieve the city.

• July 18 – TheSiege of the Austrian fortress of Philippsburg (near Karlsruhe, Germany) by the French Army, ends after eight weeks as its Austrian defenders surrender.
• August 6 – The armies of Spain and France, led bythe Duke of Parma (and future King Charles III of Spain) storm the city ofGaeta inNaples, ending afour-month siege.
• September 28 –Abdu'llah bin Ismail as-Samin is deposed after a 15-year reign asSultan of Morocco.

• October 23 –Jamaica's GovernorJohn Ayscough declares martial law to fight the slave rebellion that began in 1733, then drafts 600 men into the colonial army to march into theBlue Mountains.^[3] (→First Maroon War)
• October 31 – ChiefTomochichi of theYamacraw band of theMuscogee Nation ends a successful four and a half month visit to Great Britain, along with Georgia GovernorJames Oglethorpe and other Yamacraw Indians, after having signed the cession of the area of modern daySavannah, Georgia to the Georgia Company. On June 16, he and the Muscogee delegation (Senauki, Toonahowi, Hillispilli, Umpichi, Apokutchi, Santachi and Stimaletchi) had been welcomed as guests of King George II. The group departs onHMSAldborough after completing the visit by the largest delegation of Native Americans since 1616.^[4]
• November 5 – TheDzików Confederation is created in Poland.
• December 24 – A fire destroys theRoyal Alcázar of Madrid, the residence of theSpanish royal family, along with more than 400 valuable paintings, 100 sculptures and thousands of documents.

• Creation of theKanem–Bornu Empire after Kanem is taken over by the Sultan of Bornu.^[5]
• Anton Wilhelm Amo becomes the first African to receive a doctorate in Europe and begins teaching at theUniversity of Halle.^[5]

• January 16 –John A. Treutlen, Governor ofGeorgia (d.1782)
• January 20 –Robert Morris,Founding Father of the United States (d.1806)
• February 15 –William Stacy,American Revolutionary War officer (d.1802)
• February 27 –Thomas Conway,American Revolutionary War general (d.1800)
• March 1 –Jeanne de Bellem, heroine of the Brabant Revolution
• March 19 –Thomas McKean,American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (d.1817)
• April 17 –Taksin, King of Thailand (d.1782)
• April –Elsa Beata Bunge,Swedishbotanist (d.1819)
• May 23 –Franz Mesmer, Austrian physician (d.1815)
• July 25 –Ueda Akinari, Japanese author and scholar (d.1809)
• August 10 –Naungdawgyi,Burmese king (d.1763)
• August 24 –Benjamin Church, firstSurgeon General of the United States Army (d.1763)
• September 3 –Joseph Wright, British painter (d.1797)
• September 17 –Elizabeth Canning, English maidservant and kidnappee (d.1773)
• October 7 –Sir Ralph Abercromby, British general (d.1801)

• November 2 –Daniel Boone, American frontiersman (d.1820)
• December 1 –Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, Polish aristocrat and patron of the arts (d.1823)
• December 17 – QueenMaria I of Portugal (d.1816)
• December 21 –Paul Revere, American silversmith, engraver, and Patriot in the American Revolution (d.1818)
• December 26 –George Romney, English painter (d.1802)
• December 31 –Francisco Manoel de Nascimento, Portuguese poet (d.1819)
• date unknown
  • Catharina Ahlgren, Swedish poet, editor and early feminist (d.1800)
  • Ulrica Arfvidsson, Swedish fortune teller (d.1801)
  • Elżbieta Branicka, Polish szlachta and politician (d.1800)
  • John Dawson, English mathematician and surgeon (d.1820)
  • Pedro Fages, Spanish soldier, explorer, and Governor ofAlta California (d.1794)
  • Rohal Faqir, Pakistani saint-poet and mystic (d.1804)

• January 6 –John Dennis, English dramatist, critic (b.1658)
• February 1 –John Floyer, English physician, writer (b.1649)
• February 2 –Charles Calvert, Maryland official (b.1688)
• February 9 –Diego de Astorga y Céspedes, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1663)
• March 1 –Roger North, English biographer (b.1653)
• March 16 –Andreas Silbermann, German organ builder (b.1678)
• March 21 –Robert Wodrow, Scottish historian (b.1679)
• April 1 –Louis Lully, French composer (b.1664)
• April 11 –Thomas Fantet de Lagny, French mathematician (b.1660)
• April 25 –Johann Konrad Dippel, German alchemist (b.1673)
• May 4 –James Thornhill, English painter (b.1675 or1676)
• May 15 –Sebastiano Ricci, Italian painter (b.1659)
• May 21 –Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans, French princess (b.1714)
• May 24 –Georg Ernst Stahl, German physician and chemist (b.1660)

• June 12 –James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, illegitimate son ofJames II of England and French military commander (b.1670)
• June 15 –Giovanni Ceva, Italian mathematician (b.1647)
• June 17 –Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Marshal of France (b.1653)
• June 21 –Marie-Joseph Angélique, African slave
• July 22 –Peter King, 1st Baron King,Lord Chancellor of England (b. c.1669)
• September 8 –Michel Sarrazin, Canadian scientist (b.1659)
• October 12 –Simon Henry Adolph, Count of Lippe-Detmold, ruler of the county ofLippe (b.1694)
• November 14 –Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, French-born mistress ofCharles II of England (b.1649)
• November 21 –Alexis Simon Belle, French portrait painter (b.1674)
• November 23 –Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons, Prince of Savoy (b.1714)
• December 5 –Peter Tillemans, Flemish painter (b. c.1684)
• December 8 –James Figg, English prizefighter^[6]
• December 28 –Rob Roy MacGregor, Scottish clan chief (b.1671)
• date unknown
  • Richard Cantillon, Irish-French economist and author
  • Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, French explorer (b.1679)