One hundred years, from 1201 to 1300
Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD Mongol EmperorGenghis Khan whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history The13th century was the century which lasted from January 1,1201 (represented by theRoman numerals MCCI) through December 31,1300 (MCCC) in accordance with theJulian calendar .
TheMongol Empire was founded byGenghis Khan , which stretched fromEastern Asia toEastern Europe . The conquests ofHulagu Khan and otherMongol invasions changed the course of theMuslim world , most notably theSiege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of theHouse of Wisdom . Other Muslim powers such as theMali Empire andDelhi Sultanate conquered large parts ofWest Africa and theIndian subcontinent , whileBuddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led byBakhtiyar Khilji . The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notablySamudera Pasai .[ 1] Sukhothai andHanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.[ 2]
Europe entered the apex of theHigh Middle Ages , characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after thefourth , while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove theReconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, theTeutonic Order Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, andLivonia . Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years,Thomas Aquinas developedScholasticism , which dominated the curricula of the new universities.[ 3] Magna Carta , beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European jurisprudence. However, economic disparity between feudal classes became noticeable.[ 4]
TheSouthern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into theYuan dynasty of the Mongols. TheKamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state ofGoryeo resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.[ 5]
InNorth America , according to some population estimates, the population ofCahokia grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-centuryLondon .[ 6] Peru , theKingdom of Cuzco began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. InMayan civilization , the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. TheKanem Empire in what is nowChad reached its apex. TheSolomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and theZimbabwe Kingdom were founded.
A page of theItalian Fibonacci 'sLiber Abaci Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals. Portrait of the ChineseZen BuddhistWuzhun Shifan , painted in 1238,Song dynasty . TheMoors request permission fromJames I of Aragón , from theCantigas de Santa Maria The opening page of one ofIbn al-Nafis ' medical works. This is probably a copy made inIndia during the 17th or 18th century. Japanesesamurai boarding a Mongol vessel during theMongol invasions of Japan , depicted in theMōko Shūrai Ekotoba Hommage ofEdward I (kneeling), to thePhilippe le Bel (seated). Asduke of Aquitaine , Edward was a vassal to the French king. TheMamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by theKhalji dynasty . 1290 : By theEdict of Expulsion , KingEdward I of England orders allJews to leave theKingdom of England .1291 : TheSwiss Confederation ofUri ,Schwyz , andUnterwalden forms.1291 :Mamluk Sultan of Egyptal-Ashraf Khalil capturesAcre , thus ending the CrusaderKingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from theCrusades ).1292 :Jayakatwang , duke of Kediri, rebels and killsKertanegara , ending theSinghasari kingdom .1292 :Marco Polo , on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, includingFerlec ,Samudera and Lambri.[ 13] 1292 : KingMangrai founds theLanna kingdom.1293 :Mongol invasion of Java .[ 14] Kublai Khan ofYuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces.1293 : On 10 November, the coronation ofNararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the HinduMajapahit kingdom in eastern Java.1296 :First War of Scottish Independence begins.1297 : Membership in theMazor Consegio or theGreat Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.1299 :Ottoman Empire is established underOsman I .1300 :Islam is likelyestablished in theAceh region.1300 : Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu orKutai Lama .1300 : The city ofBilbao was founded.1300 : TheTurku Cathedral was consecrated inTurku .[ 15] 1300 : Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened nameSri Lumay , a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of theChola dynasty inSumatra established theIndianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.[ edit ] Alai Gate and Qutub Minar were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.[ 16] Early 13th century –Xia Gui paintsTwelve Views from a Thatched Hut , during theSouthern Song dynasty (now inNelson-Atkins Museum of Art , Kansas City, Missouri). Themotet form originates out of theArs antiqua tradition ofWestern European music . Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.Pecia systemWoodenmovable type printing invented by Chinese governmental ministerWang Zhen in1298 . The earliest knownrockets ,landmines , andhandguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare. The Chinese adopt thewindmill from theIslamic world . Guan ware vase is made,Southern Song dynasty . It is now kept atPercival David Foundation of Chinese Art , London.1250 –Cliff Palace ,Mesa Verde , and otherAncestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apex[ 17] 1280s –Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy.Late 13th century –Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace Kamakura period . It is now kept atMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston . Late 13th century –Descent of the Amida Trinity raigo triptych , is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at theArt Institute of Chicago . TheNeo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century. ^ "Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site" .Republika Online . 2017-03-24. Retrieved2020-01-24 .^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.).The Indianized States of Southeast Asia . trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1 ^ "St. Thomas Aquinas" .Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved2023-12-09 .^ Brooks, Christopher (2020).Western Civilization: A Concise History . NSCC Libraries Pressbooks. ^ Lee, Kenneth B. (1997).Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix ISBN 9780275958237 ^ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History" .www.demographia.com . Retrieved2023-02-10 .The London Encyclopedia , Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010,ISBN 1405049251 ^ Van Cleve, T. C. (1972).The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immuntator Mundi . Oxford. p. 143.ISBN 0-198-22513-X ^ Kantorowicz, Ernst (1937).Frederick the Second, 1194–1250 ^ "Ken Angrok" .Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved25 July 2010 .^ Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008)."The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico" (PDF) .Southeastern Archaeology .27 (2). Archived fromthe original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. ^ Grousset, Rene (1988),Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java 288 ,ISBN 0-8135-1304-9 ^ Kahler, H. (December 31, 1981).Modern Times ISBN 9004061967 ^ "History of Aceh" . Archived fromthe original on August 13, 2012.^ Weatherford, Jack (2004).Genghis khan and the making of the modern world . New York: Random House. p. 239.ISBN 0-609-80964-4 ^ "Kenelle kellot soivat? – Kiipeä 360-videon avulla Turun tuomiokirkon torniin" .Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 2017-07-02. Retrieved2023-02-10 .^ "Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi" .UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved2023-02-10 .^ Berlo and Phillips, 275
Millennia Centuries Decades Years
