The periodicity and recurrence ofsolar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry.The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year.Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series.Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses.Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 140all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 1512 Apr 16. The series will end with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 2774 Jun 01. The total duration of Saros series 140 is 1262.11 years.In summary:
First Eclipse = 1512 Apr 16 06:22:25 TD Last Eclipse = 2774 Jun 01 13:10:10 TD Duration of Saros 140 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 140 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 140 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 24 | 33.8% |
| Annular | A | 32 | 45.1% |
| Total | T | 11 | 15.5% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 4 | 5.6% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit).The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 140appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 140 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 47 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 43 | 91.5% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 2.1% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 3 | 6.4% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 140: 8P 11T 4H 32A 16P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 140 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 140 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | 2449 Nov 15 | 07m35s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | 1927 Jan 03 | 00m03s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | 1692 Aug 12 | 04m10s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | 1836 Nov 09 | 01m28s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 1854 Nov 20 | 01m07s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 1908 Dec 23 | 00m12s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 1638 Jul 11 | - | 0.89166 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 1512 Apr 16 | - | 0.00034 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 140.A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found inKey to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, seeAnimation of Saros 140.
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km08340 -37 1512 Apr 16 06:22:25 183 -6032 Pb-1.5289 0.0003 70.6S 131.9E 008382 -36 1530 Apr 27 14:07:20 166 -5809 P-1.4726 0.1083 69.9S 2.9E 008423 -35 1548 May 07 21:46:52 151 -5586 P-1.4121 0.2250 69.0S 124.2W 008464 -34 1566 May 19 05:21:00 138 -5363 P-1.3472 0.3507 68.1S 110.7E 008505 -33 1584 Jun 08 12:52:25 126 -5140 P-1.2802 0.4805 67.1S 13.3W 008546 -32 1602 Jun 19 20:19:21 116 -4917 P-1.2097 0.6174 66.1S 135.7W 008588 -31 1620 Jun 30 03:46:25 93 -4694 P-1.1393 0.7535 65.1S 102.3E 008632 -30 1638 Jul 11 11:11:52 66 -4471 P-1.0676 0.8917 64.2S 19.0W 008677 -29 1656 Jul 21 18:39:48 40 -4248 T--0.9983 1.0244 63.4S 140.7W 008723 -281674 Aug 02 02:07:57 19 -4025 T-0.9295 1.0560 45.9S 120.8E 21 498 04m08s08768 -271692 Aug 12 09:41:06 8 -3802 T-0.8649 1.0546 39.8S 8.6E 30 353 04m10s08813 -261710 Aug 24 17:17:16 9 -3579 T-0.8031 1.0519 36.5S 105.1W 36 282 04m00s08858 -251728 Sep 04 00:59:22 10 -3356 T-0.7466 1.0484 35.0S 139.6E 41 236 03m44s08904 -241746 Sep 15 08:46:37 12 -3133 T-0.6948 1.0441 34.9S 23.0E 46 200 03m23s08949 -231764 Sep 25 16:41:43 15 -2910 T-0.6502 1.0394 36.0S 95.5W 49 171 03m01s08995 -221782 Oct 07 00:43:19 17 -2687 T-0.6113 1.0344 37.9S 144.6E 52 144 02m37s09040 -211800 Oct 18 08:51:53 13 -2464 T-0.5787 1.0293 40.3S 23.2E 54 120 02m14s09085 -201818 Oct 29 17:07:10 12 -2241 T-0.5524 1.0241 43.1S 99.4W 56 98 01m51s09130 -191836 Nov 09 01:29:26 5 -2018 T-0.5327 1.0191 46.1S 136.8E 58 77 01m28s09174 -181854 Nov 20 09:56:58 7 -1795 H3-0.5179 1.0144 48.9S 12.7E 59 57 01m07s09217 -171872 Nov 30 18:29:33 -2 -1572 H-0.5081 1.0099 51.2S 111.8W 59 40 00m47s09259 -161890 Dec 12 03:05:28 -6 -1349 H-0.5016 1.0059 52.8S 123.9E 60 24 00m28s09301 -151908 Dec 2311:44:28 9 -1126 H-0.4985 1.0024 53.4S 0.5W 60 1000m12s09343 -141927 Jan 0320:22:53 24 -903 A-0.4956 0.9995 52.8S 124.8W 60 200m03s09386 -131945 Jan 1405:01:43 27 -680 A-0.4937 0.9970 51.1S 110.3E 60 1200m15s09426 -121963 Jan 2513:37:12 35 -457 A-0.4898 0.9951 48.2S 15.0W 60 2000m25s09466 -111981 Feb 0422:09:24 51 -234 A-0.4838 0.9937 44.4S 140.8W 61 2500m33s09505 -101999 Feb 1606:34:38 63 -11 A-0.4726 0.9928 39.8S 93.9E 62 2900m40s09545 -092017 Feb 2614:54:33 70 212 A-0.4578 0.9922 34.7S 31.2W 63 3100m44s09585 -082035 Mar 0923:05:54 81 435 A-0.4368 0.9919 29.0S 154.9W 64 3100m48s09625 -072053 Mar 2007:08:19 99 658 A-0.4089 0.9919 23.0S 83.0E 66 3100m50s09667 -062071 Mar 3115:01:06 138 881 A-0.3739 0.9919 16.7S 37.0W 68 3100m52s09708 -052089 Apr 1022:44:42 178 1104 A-0.3319 0.9919 10.2S 154.8W 71 3000m53s09749 -042107 Apr 23 06:18:41 220 1327 A-0.2829 0.9918 3.6S 89.9E 74 30 00m56s09790 -032125 May 03 13:42:33 264 1550 A-0.2263 0.9915 3.0N 22.6W 77 31 00m59s09831 -022143 May 14 20:58:14 310 1773 Am-0.1638 0.9908 9.4N 132.7W 81 33 01m05s09873 -012161 May 25 04:05:43 352 1996 A-0.0950 0.9898 15.7N 119.8E 85 36 01m12s09916 002179 Jun 05 11:05:36 393 2219 A-0.0209 0.9884 21.5N 15.0E 89 41 01m21s09960 012197 Jun 15 17:59:33 435 2442 A 0.0574 0.9864 26.8N 87.6W 87 48 01m32s10004 022215 Jun 28 00:48:45 480 2665 A 0.1388 0.9839 31.4N 172.0E 82 58 01m44s
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km10048 032233 Jul 08 07:35:24 526 2888 A 0.2215 0.9809 35.1N 73.1E 77 70 01m59s10093 042251 Jul 19 14:18:46 575 3111 A 0.3062 0.9773 38.0N 24.2W 72 85 02m16s10138 052269 Jul 29 21:03:04 625 3334 A 0.3893 0.9732 39.9N 121.3W 67 104 02m35s10184 062287 Aug 10 03:47:42 678 3557 A 0.4714 0.9686 41.0N 141.8E 62 127 02m56s10229 072305 Aug 21 10:35:44 733 3780 A 0.5497 0.9637 41.5N 43.7E 56 155 03m21s10274 082323 Sep 01 17:26:09 790 4003 A 0.6253 0.9584 41.7N 55.3W 51 191 03m48s10319 092341 Sep 12 00:22:47 849 4226 A 0.6950 0.9529 41.7N 156.4W 46 234 04m19s10365 102359 Sep 23 07:24:42 910 4449 A 0.7595 0.9471 41.9N 100.6E 40 291 04m53s10409 112377 Oct 03 14:33:17 973 4672 A 0.8178 0.9413 42.6N 4.7W 35 366 05m29s10453 122395 Oct 14 21:49:16 1038 4895 A 0.8691 0.9354 44.0N 112.4W 29 471 06m07s10496 132413 Oct 25 05:13:20 1106 5118 A 0.9129 0.9298 46.2N 137.3E 24 628 06m43s10539 142431 Nov 05 12:45:40 1175 5341 A 0.9496 0.9242 49.5N 24.5E 18 902 07m15s10582 152449 Nov 15 20:23:56 1246 5564 An 0.9810 0.9186 54.9N 89.1W 10 - 07m35s10625 16 2467 Nov 27 04:10:21 1320 5787 A+ 1.0051 0.9434 63.7N 158.3E 010668 17 2485 Dec 07 12:02:00 1395 6010 A+ 1.0242 0.9100 64.7N 31.2E 010710 18 2503 Dec 19 19:59:21 1473 6233 P 1.0385 0.8851 65.7N 97.7W 010751 19 2521 Dec 30 03:58:50 1553 6456 P 1.0507 0.8642 66.8N 132.5E 010792 20 2540 Jan 10 12:01:35 1635 6679 P 1.0600 0.8483 67.9N 1.3E 010832 21 2558 Jan 20 20:03:53 1718 6902 P 1.0693 0.8326 69.0N 130.4W 010872 22 2576 Feb 01 04:04:59 1804 7125 P 1.0793 0.8161 70.0N 97.6E 010912 23 2594 Feb 11 12:02:17 1892 7348 P 1.0921 0.7951 70.9N 34.1W 010953 24 2612 Feb 23 19:55:50 1982 7571 P 1.1076 0.7697 71.6N 165.6W 010994 25 2630 Mar 06 03:42:09 2075 7794 P 1.1288 0.7350 72.1N 64.3E 011034 26 2648 Mar 16 11:21:54 2169 8017 P 1.1552 0.6917 72.3N 64.5W 011074 27 2666 Mar 27 18:53:07 2265 8240 P 1.1881 0.6371 72.2N 168.8E 011115 28 2684 Apr 07 02:17:17 2363 8463 P 1.2265 0.5732 71.9N 44.0E 011157 29 2702 Apr 19 09:30:34 2464 8686 P 1.2736 0.4942 71.4N 77.6W 011199 30 2720 Apr 29 16:37:17 2566 8909 P 1.3257 0.4061 70.7N 163.1E 011241 31 2738 May 10 23:34:31 2671 9132 P 1.3856 0.3042 69.8N 46.7E 011284 32 2756 May 21 06:26:50 2778 9355 P 1.4490 0.1955 68.8N 67.7W 011329 33 2774 Jun 01 13:10:10 2886 9578 Pe 1.5196 0.0738 67.8N 179.3W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, seeCalendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ).This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988].The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see:Solar and Lunar Ephemerides.The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations inEarth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed asΔT and is determined as follows:
A series ofpolynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. Theuncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses.
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published inFive Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 andFive Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing inFive Millennium Canon byDan McGlaun. TheBesselian elements were provided byJean Meeus.Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
