The periodicity and recurrence ofsolar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry.The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year.Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series.Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses.Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 139all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1501 May 17. The series will end with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 2763 Jul 03. The total duration of Saros series 139 is 1262.11 years.In summary:
First Eclipse = 1501 May 17 03:27:44 TD Last Eclipse = 2763 Jul 03 09:58:23 TD Duration of Saros 139 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 139 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 139 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 16 | 22.5% |
| Annular | A | 0 | 0.0% |
| Total | T | 43 | 60.6% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 12 | 16.9% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit).The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 139appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 139 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 55 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 55 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 139: 7P 12H 43T 9P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 139 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 139 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | 2186 Jul 16 | 07m29s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | 2601 Mar 26 | 00m35s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 1825 Dec 09 | 01m34s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 1627 Aug 11 | 00m00s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 2619 Apr 06 | - | 0.97812 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 2763 Jul 03 | - | 0.05616 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 139.A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found inKey to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, seeAnimation of Saros 139.
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km08315 -35 1501 May 17 03:27:44 194 -6167 Pb 1.5002 0.0905 63.7N 13.6W 008357 -34 1519 May 28 10:20:09 176 -5944 P 1.4188 0.2342 64.6N 126.3W 008398 -33 1537 Jun 07 17:14:05 160 -5721 P 1.3373 0.3796 65.5N 120.2E 008439 -32 1555 Jun 19 00:07:16 146 -5498 P 1.2542 0.5290 66.5N 6.6E 008480 -31 1573 Jun 29 07:03:36 133 -5275 P 1.1724 0.6770 67.5N 108.2W 008521 -30 1591 Jul 20 14:02:08 123 -5052 P 1.0911 0.8249 68.5N 136.0E 008561 -29 1609 Jul 30 21:07:08 108 -4829 P 1.0140 0.9657 69.5N 17.9E 008605 -281627 Aug 11 04:17:14 83 -4606 H 0.9401 1.0001 77.7N 173.3W 19 1 00m00s08650 -271645 Aug 21 11:34:18 55 -4383 H 0.8710 1.0040 68.2N 43.7E 29 28 00m16s08695 -261663 Sep 01 18:59:08 31 -4160 H 0.8073 1.0065 58.6N 78.9W 36 38 00m29s08741 -251681 Sep 12 02:33:12 13 -3937 H 0.7504 1.0083 49.8N 161.1E 41 43 00m40s08786 -241699 Sep 23 10:16:12 8 -3714 H 0.6999 1.0095 41.8N 40.7E 45 46 00m49s08831 -231717 Oct 04 18:08:27 10 -3491 H 0.6563 1.0104 34.6N 81.1W 49 47 00m56s08876 -221735 Oct 16 02:10:34 11 -3268 H 0.6202 1.0110 28.3N 155.2E 51 48 01m02s08922 -211753 Oct 26 10:22:01 13 -3045 H 0.5910 1.0115 22.7N 29.7E 54 49 01m08s08967 -201771 Nov 06 18:41:02 16 -2822 H 0.5676 1.0120 17.9N 97.3W 55 50 01m13s09013 -191789 Nov 17 03:08:35 16 -2599 H 0.5504 1.0126 14.1N 133.9E 57 52 01m19s09059 -181807 Nov 29 11:42:09 12 -2376 H 0.5377 1.0135 11.1N 3.9E 57 55 01m26s09104 -171825 Dec 09 20:21:45 9 -2153 H2 0.5296 1.0148 9.2N 127.4W 58 60 01m34s09148 -161843 Dec 21 05:03:26 6 -1930 T 0.5227 1.0165 8.0N 101.0E 58 66 01m43s09191 -151861 Dec 31 13:49:06 8 -1707 T 0.5187 1.0186 7.8N 31.6W 59 74 01m55s09233 -141880 Jan 11 22:34:25 -5 -1484 T 0.5136 1.0212 8.3N 164.1W 59 84 02m07s09275 -131898 Jan 22 07:19:12 -5 -1261 T 0.5079 1.0244 9.5N 63.6E 59 96 02m21s09317 -121916 Feb 0316:00:21 18 -1038 T 0.4987 1.0280 11.1N 67.7W 60 10802m36s09360 -111934 Feb 1400:38:41 24 -815 T 0.4868 1.0321 13.2N 161.7E 61 12302m53s09402 -101952 Feb 2509:11:35 30 -592 T 0.4697 1.0366 15.6N 32.7E 62 13803m09s09442 -091970 Mar 0717:38:30 40 -369 T 0.4473 1.0414 18.2N 94.7W 63 15303m28s09482 -081988 Mar 1801:58:56 56 -146 T 0.4188 1.0464 20.7N 140.0E 65 16903m46s09521 -072006 Mar 2910:12:23 65 77 T 0.3843 1.0515 23.2N 16.7E 67 18404m07s09561 -062024 Apr 0818:18:29 74 300 T 0.3431 1.0566 25.3N 104.1W 70 19804m28s09601 -052042 Apr 2002:17:30 86 523 T 0.2956 1.0614 27.0N 137.3E 73 21004m51s09642 -042060 Apr 3010:10:00 114 746 T 0.2422 1.0660 28.0N 20.9E 76 22205m15s09683 -032078 May 1117:56:55 153 969 T 0.1838 1.0701 28.1N 93.7W 79 23205m40s09724 -022096 May 2201:37:14 194 1192 T 0.1196 1.0737 27.3N 153.4E 83 24106m06s09765 -012114 Jun 03 09:14:09 237 1415 T 0.0525 1.0766 25.4N 41.3E 87 248 06m32s09805 002132 Jun 13 16:46:24 282 1638 Tm-0.0186 1.0788 22.3N 70.1W 89 255 06m55s09847 012150 Jun 25 00:17:25 329 1861 T-0.0910 1.0802 18.3N 178.1E 85 260 07m14s09889 022168 Jul 05 07:45:23 368 2084 T-0.1660 1.0807 13.2N 66.4E 81 264 07m26s09933 032186 Jul 16 15:14:54 409 2307 T-0.2396 1.0805 7.4N 46.5W 76 267 07m29s09978 042204 Jul 27 22:44:32 452 2530 T-0.3129 1.0793 1.0N 160.1W 72 269 07m22s
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km10022 052222 Aug 08 06:17:05 498 2753 T-0.3837 1.0774 6.0S 84.9E 67 270 07m06s10066 062240 Aug 18 13:52:25 545 2976 T-0.4522 1.0746 13.3S 31.3W 63 270 06m40s10111 072258 Aug 29 21:33:05 595 3199 T-0.5161 1.0712 20.9S 149.2W 59 269 06m09s10156 082276 Sep 09 05:18:47 646 3422 T-0.5755 1.0671 28.5S 91.2E 55 266 05m33s10202 092294 Sep 20 13:09:58 700 3645 T-0.6300 1.0627 36.2S 29.9W 51 263 04m56s10247 102312 Oct 01 21:08:26 755 3868 T-0.6783 1.0578 43.8S 152.9W 47 258 04m20s10292 112330 Oct 13 05:13:41 813 4091 T-0.7208 1.0528 51.2S 82.5E 44 251 03m46s10338 122348 Oct 23 13:26:56 873 4314 T-0.7564 1.0476 58.2S 43.6W 41 242 03m14s10383 132366 Nov 03 21:46:04 935 4537 T-0.7868 1.0426 64.8S 170.2W 38 231 02m46s10427 142384 Nov 14 06:13:20 999 4760 T-0.8102 1.0377 70.9S 63.5E 36 217 02m22s10471 152402 Nov 25 14:45:41 1065 4983 T-0.8291 1.0332 76.2S 59.6W 34 202 02m02s10514 162420 Dec 05 23:23:52 1133 5206 T-0.8431 1.0290 80.2S 174.0W 32 185 01m44s10557 172438 Dec 17 08:05:40 1203 5429 T-0.8539 1.0254 81.7S 84.3E 31 168 01m30s10600 182456 Dec 27 16:51:25 1275 5652 T-0.8614 1.0222 79.8S 22.0W 30 151 01m19s10643 192475 Jan 08 01:37:52 1349 5875 T-0.8679 1.0196 76.2S 141.8W 29 136 01m09s10685 202493 Jan 18 10:24:30 1426 6098 T-0.8742 1.0174 72.2S 90.8E 29 123 01m02s10727 212511 Jan 30 19:09:33 1504 6321 T-0.8816 1.0157 68.1S 39.5W 28 114 00m57s10767 222529 Feb 10 03:52:31 1585 6544 T-0.8908 1.0143 64.3S 170.7W 27 108 00m53s10807 232547 Feb 21 12:29:30 1667 6767 T-0.9046 1.0132 61.1S 59.6E 25 106 00m50s10847 242565 Mar 03 21:01:39 1752 6990 T-0.9220 1.0121 58.7S 68.8W 22 107 00m46s10887 252583 Mar 15 05:25:52 1839 7213 T-0.9456 1.0109 57.4S 166.2E 19 115 00m42s10928 262601 Mar 26 13:43:55 1928 7436 T-0.9740 1.0091 58.0S 45.6E 12 142 00m35s10969 27 2619 Apr 06 21:51:02 2019 7659 P-1.0108 0.9781 61.2S 60.7W 011010 28 2637 Apr 17 05:51:33 2111 7882 P-1.0525 0.9013 61.6S 170.8E 011049 29 2655 Apr 28 13:40:56 2207 8105 P-1.1024 0.8094 62.0S 45.1E 011090 30 2673 May 08 21:23:23 2304 8328 P-1.1574 0.7080 62.7S 79.1W 011131 31 2691 May 20 04:55:09 2403 8551 P-1.2203 0.5922 63.4S 159.1E 011173 32 2709 May 31 12:21:17 2504 8774 P-1.2869 0.4697 64.2S 38.6E 011215 33 2727 Jun 11 19:39:01 2607 8997 P-1.3590 0.3372 65.2S 80.2W 011258 34 2745 Jun 22 02:51:30 2713 9220 P-1.4345 0.1992 66.1S 162.0E 011303 35 2763 Jul 03 09:58:23 2820 9443 Pe-1.5132 0.0562 67.1S 45.2E 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, seeCalendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ).This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988].The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see:Solar and Lunar Ephemerides.The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations inEarth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed asΔT and is determined as follows:
A series ofpolynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. Theuncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses.
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published inFive Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 andFive Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing inFive Millennium Canon byDan McGlaun. TheBesselian elements were provided byJean Meeus.Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
