The periodicity and recurrence ofsolar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry.The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year.Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series.Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses.Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 109all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 0416 Sep 07. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 1859 Feb 03. The total duration of Saros series 109 is 1442.41 years.In summary:
First Eclipse = 0416 Sep 07 13:26:34 TD Last Eclipse = 1859 Feb 03 01:22:42 TD Duration of Saros 109 = 1442.41 Years
Saros 109 is composed of 81 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 109 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 81 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 38 | 46.9% |
| Annular | A | 4 | 4.9% |
| Total | T | 24 | 29.6% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 15 | 18.5% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit).The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 109appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 109 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 43 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 41 | 95.3% |
| Central (one limit) | 2 | 4.7% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 81 eclipses in Saros 109: 21P 24T 15H 4A 17P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 109 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 109 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | 1552 Jul 21 | 02m05s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | 1498 Jun 19 | 00m29s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | 0957 Jul 29 | 05m46s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | 1209 Dec 28 | 01m50s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 1228 Jan 08 | 01m40s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 1480 Jun 08 | 00m02s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 0777 Apr 12 | - | 0.92787 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 1859 Feb 03 | - | 0.00769 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 109.A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found inKey to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, seeAnimation of Saros 109.
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km05745 -43 0416 Sep 07 13:26:34 6503 -19583 Pb 1.5077 0.0637 71.6N 112.1E 005786 -42 0434 Sep 18 21:26:54 6325 -19360 P 1.4688 0.1352 71.9N 22.7W 005826 -41 0452 Sep 29 05:36:43 6146 -19137 P 1.4369 0.1938 71.8N 160.1W 005869 -40 0470 Oct 10 13:54:40 5968 -18914 P 1.4111 0.2412 71.5N 60.6E 005912 -39 0488 Oct 20 22:21:32 5792 -18691 P 1.3921 0.2761 71.0N 80.5W 005956 -38 0506 Nov 01 06:55:05 5615 -18468 P 1.3780 0.3019 70.3N 137.2E 006000 -37 0524 Nov 11 15:34:10 5438 -18245 P 1.3680 0.3201 69.4N 5.9W 006045 -36 0542 Nov 23 00:17:37 5263 -18022 P 1.3612 0.3325 68.4N 149.3W 006091 -35 0560 Dec 03 09:04:10 5089 -17799 P 1.3564 0.3411 67.3N 67.0E 006137 -34 0578 Dec 14 17:51:31 4916 -17576 P 1.3521 0.3488 66.2N 76.2W 006183 -33 0596 Dec 25 02:38:01 4744 -17353 P 1.3467 0.3584 65.2N 141.2E 006228 -32 0615 Jan 05 11:22:56 4574 -17130 P 1.3397 0.3712 64.2N 0.6W 006273 -31 0633 Jan 15 20:04:43 4405 -16907 P 1.3295 0.3897 63.3N 141.2W 006318 -30 0651 Jan 27 04:40:40 4238 -16684 P 1.3144 0.4175 62.5N 79.9E 006365 -29 0669 Feb 06 13:11:22 4072 -16461 P 1.2949 0.4541 61.9N 57.5W 006410 -28 0687 Feb 17 21:34:47 3908 -16238 P 1.2691 0.5026 61.4N 167.1E 006454 -27 0705 Feb 28 05:52:06 3747 -16015 P 1.2380 0.5617 61.1N 33.3E 006497 -26 0723 Mar 11 14:00:20 3587 -15792 P 1.1992 0.6358 60.9N 98.1W 006539 -25 0741 Mar 21 22:02:37 3430 -15569 P 1.1553 0.7203 60.9N 132.0E 006581 -24 0759 Apr 02 05:56:17 3276 -15346 P 1.1044 0.8190 61.0N 4.2E 006622 -23 0777 Apr 12 13:44:14 3125 -15123 P 1.0485 0.9279 61.3N 122.2W 006663 -220795 Apr 23 21:24:56 2976 -14900 Tn 0.9863 1.0587 65.2N 130.7E 9 - 02m58s06704 -210813 May 04 05:01:53 2831 -14677 T 0.9209 1.0659 68.6N 43.5E 23 556 03m34s06745 -200831 May 15 12:34:04 2690 -14454 T 0.8514 1.0705 69.6N 50.4W 31 439 04m00s06784 -190849 May 25 20:03:24 2552 -14231 T 0.7794 1.0738 69.0N 145.3W 38 383 04m22s06824 -180867 Jun 06 03:30:59 2418 -14008 T 0.7058 1.0760 66.6N 117.5E 45 349 04m43s06864 -170885 Jun 16 10:58:05 2288 -13785 T 0.6320 1.0772 62.6N 16.4E 51 323 05m02s06904 -160903 Jun 27 18:26:02 2162 -13562 T 0.5585 1.0773 57.4N 88.8W 56 302 05m18s06944 -150921 Jul 08 01:55:03 2040 -13339 T 0.4862 1.0765 51.4N 162.7E 61 284 05m32s06985 -140939 Jul 19 09:27:56 1923 -13116 T 0.4172 1.0748 44.9N 51.1E 65 267 05m42s07026 -130957 Jul 29 17:04:35 1810 -12893 T 0.3518 1.0723 38.0N 63.0W 69 251 05m46s07067 -120975 Aug 10 00:46:07 1702 -12670 T 0.2907 1.0692 31.0N 179.2W 73 236 05m45s07109 -110993 Aug 20 08:33:40 1598 -12447 T 0.2350 1.0654 24.0N 62.4E 76 220 05m37s07151 -101011 Aug 31 16:27:51 1499 -12224 T 0.1851 1.0612 17.1N 58.0W 79 204 05m25s07193 -091029 Sep 11 00:29:28 1404 -12001 T 0.1422 1.0567 10.4N 179.6E 82 189 05m07s07235 -081047 Sep 22 08:36:53 1314 -11778 T 0.1046 1.0519 4.0N 55.8E 84 173 04m47s07279 -071065 Oct 02 16:52:55 1229 -11555 T 0.0747 1.0471 2.0S 69.9W 86 157 04m24s07323 -061083 Oct 14 01:15:15 1148 -11332 T 0.0503 1.0424 7.4S 163.1E 87 142 04m00s07368 -051101 Oct 24 09:45:16 1072 -11109 T 0.0328 1.0378 12.3S 34.7E 88 127 03m37s07413 -041119 Nov 04 18:19:38 1000 -10886 T 0.0194 1.0336 16.4S 94.2W 89 113 03m14s
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km07458 -031137 Nov 15 03:00:21 932 -10663 Tm 0.0116 1.0297 19.6S 135.7E 89 101 02m53s07503 -021155 Nov 26 11:43:38 869 -10440 T 0.0063 1.0262 21.9S 5.5E 90 89 02m34s07548 -011173 Dec 06 20:29:30 809 -10217 T 0.0034 1.0234 23.2S 125.0W 90 80 02m17s07594 001191 Dec 18 05:15:22 753 -9994 T 0.0008 1.0209 23.6S 104.7E 90 71 02m02s07640 011209 Dec 28 14:00:54 701 -9771 T-0.0018 1.0190 23.0S 25.5W 90 65 01m50s07686 021228 Jan 08 22:42:54 652 -9548 H3-0.0068 1.0176 21.6S 155.1W 89 60 01m40s07731 031246 Jan 19 07:20:33 606 -9325 H-0.0150 1.0166 19.6S 76.3E 89 57 01m34s07775 041264 Jan 30 15:52:26 563 -9102 H-0.0276 1.0159 17.1S 51.2W 88 55 01m29s07818 051282 Feb 10 00:17:59 523 -8879 H-0.0451 1.0156 14.3S 177.3W 87 54 01m26s07861 061300 Feb 21 08:34:00 486 -8656 H-0.0698 1.0154 11.5S 58.8E 86 53 01m24s07903 071318 Mar 03 16:42:11 451 -8433 H-0.1003 1.0153 8.8S 63.2W 84 53 01m24s07944 081336 Mar 14 00:40:15 419 -8210 H-0.1386 1.0152 6.4S 177.4E 82 52 01m23s07985 091354 Mar 25 08:30:21 388 -7987 H-0.1829 1.0149 4.4S 60.0E 79 52 01m23s08026 101372 Apr 04 16:09:02 359 -7764 H-0.2359 1.0143 3.1S 54.4W 76 50 01m22s08068 111390 Apr 15 23:40:36 332 -7541 H-0.2940 1.0133 2.7S 167.0W 73 48 01m19s08108 121408 Apr 26 07:02:10 306 -7318 H-0.3595 1.0119 3.3S 82.8E 69 44 01m13s08148 131426 May 07 14:17:32 282 -7095 H-0.4294 1.0100 5.0S 26.0W 65 38 01m03s08188 141444 May 17 21:24:41 259 -6872 H-0.5052 1.0074 8.1S 133.0W 60 29 00m48s08228 151462 May 29 04:28:02 237 -6649 H-0.5833 1.0042 12.4S 120.4E 54 18 00m28s08268 161480 Jun 08 11:26:08 217 -6426 H-0.6644 1.0002 18.0S 14.4E 48 1 00m02s08308 171498 Jun 19 18:21:38 197 -6203 A-0.7466 0.9956 25.1S 91.8W 42 23 00m29s08350 181516 Jun 30 01:15:15 179 -5980 A-0.8291 0.9899 33.8S 161.3E 34 64 01m03s08391 191534 Jul 11 08:08:46 163 -5757 A-0.9104 0.9833 44.9S 52.5E 24 144 01m35s08432 201552 Jul 21 15:03:48 148 -5534 As-0.9893 0.9742 62.9S 64.6W 7 - 02m05s08473 21 1570 Aug 01 22:00:22 135 -5311 P-1.0655 0.8623 70.4S 171.9E 008514 22 1588 Aug 22 05:01:47 124 -5088 P-1.1364 0.7355 71.1S 53.5E 008555 23 1606 Sep 02 12:07:23 111 -4865 P-1.2026 0.6182 71.7S 66.5W 008598 24 1624 Sep 12 19:19:26 87 -4642 P-1.2625 0.5133 72.0S 171.5E 008643 25 1642 Sep 24 02:37:37 60 -4419 P-1.3163 0.4199 72.1S 47.6E 008688 26 1660 Oct 04 10:03:43 34 -4196 P-1.3629 0.3401 72.0S 78.2W 008734 27 1678 Oct 15 17:36:58 15 -3973 P-1.4027 0.2730 71.6S 154.5E 008779 28 1696 Oct 26 01:17:07 8 -3750 P-1.4361 0.2172 70.9S 25.9E 008824 29 1714 Nov 07 09:04:34 10 -3527 P-1.4630 0.1730 70.1S 103.9W 008869 30 1732 Nov 17 16:58:51 11 -3304 P-1.4841 0.1389 69.2S 125.3E 008915 31 1750 Nov 29 00:58:14 13 -3081 P-1.5004 0.1129 68.2S 6.2W 008960 32 1768 Dec 09 09:01:39 16 -2858 P-1.5129 0.0932 67.1S 138.1W 009006 33 1786 Dec 20 17:07:24 17 -2635 P-1.5232 0.0772 66.0S 89.9E 009051 34 1805 Jan 01 01:14:57 12 -2412 P-1.5315 0.0642 65.0S 42.1W 009096 35 1823 Jan 12 09:20:12 11 -2189 P-1.5413 0.0484 64.0S 173.0W 009140 36 1841 Jan 22 17:24:15 5 -1966 P-1.5516 0.0316 63.1S 56.6E 0
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km09183 37 1859 Feb 03 01:22:42 7 -1743 Pe-1.5659 0.0077 62.4S 72.1W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, seeCalendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ).This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988].The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see:Solar and Lunar Ephemerides.The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations inEarth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed asΔT and is determined as follows:
A series ofpolynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. Theuncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses.
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published inFive Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 andFive Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing inFive Millennium Canon byDan McGlaun. TheBesselian elements were provided byJean Meeus.Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
