The periodicity and recurrence ofsolar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry.The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year.Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series.Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses.Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 102all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 0376 May 05. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1638 Jun 12. The total duration of Saros series 102 is 1262.11 years.In summary:
First Eclipse = 0376 May 05 05:09:34 TD Last Eclipse = 1638 Jun 12 03:55:44 TD Duration of Saros 102 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 102 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 102 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 15 | 21.1% |
| Annular | A | 19 | 26.8% |
| Total | T | 34 | 47.9% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 3 | 4.2% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit).The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 102appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 102 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 56 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 55 | 98.2% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 102: 7P 19A 3H 34T 8P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 102 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 102 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | 0502 Jul 20 | 03m52s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | 0827 Jan 31 | 00m09s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | 1043 Jun 09 | 05m25s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | 1494 Mar 07 | 02m06s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 0881 Mar 04 | 01m35s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 0845 Feb 10 | 00m22s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 1512 Mar 17 | - | 0.95161 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 0376 May 05 | - | 0.04868 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 102.A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found inKey to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, seeAnimation of Saros 102.
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km05653 -34 0376 May 05 05:09:34 6901 -20082 Pb-1.5322 0.0487 69.9S 166.1E 005694 -33 0394 May 16 11:41:58 6724 -19859 P-1.4503 0.1889 69.1S 55.1E 005735 -32 0412 May 26 18:11:23 6545 -19636 P-1.3644 0.3368 68.1S 54.6W 005776 -31 0430 Jun 07 00:41:34 6367 -19413 P-1.2780 0.4865 67.1S 164.0W 005816 -30 0448 Jun 17 07:12:15 6189 -19190 P-1.1908 0.6385 66.1S 87.0E 005858 -29 0466 Jun 28 13:47:21 6011 -18967 P-1.1058 0.7870 65.1S 22.7W 005901 -28 0484 Jul 08 20:26:40 5834 -18744 P-1.0229 0.9321 64.1S 133.0W 005945 -270502 Jul 20 03:11:36 5657 -18521 A-0.9434 0.9595 46.9S 132.5E 19 442 03m52s05989 -260520 Jul 30 10:04:27 5480 -18298 A-0.8693 0.9626 38.3S 29.5E 29 268 03m45s06033 -250538 Aug 10 17:05:14 5305 -18075 A-0.8005 0.9646 33.5S 76.3W 37 208 03m35s06079 -240556 Aug 21 00:15:45 5130 -17852 A-0.7387 0.9659 31.0S 175.3E 42 177 03m24s06125 -230574 Sep 01 07:35:04 4957 -17629 A-0.6831 0.9668 30.1S 64.7E 47 160 03m15s06171 -220592 Sep 11 15:06:02 4785 -17406 A-0.6360 0.9673 30.6S 48.8W 50 149 03m07s06216 -210610 Sep 22 22:46:30 4614 -17183 A-0.5956 0.9678 32.2S 164.6W 53 142 03m00s06261 -200628 Oct 03 06:37:26 4445 -16960 A-0.5632 0.9682 34.6S 77.1E 56 136 02m54s06306 -190646 Oct 14 14:37:46 4277 -16737 A-0.5375 0.9688 37.6S 43.2W 57 132 02m48s06353 -180664 Oct 24 22:47:46 4111 -16514 A-0.5193 0.9695 40.9S 165.6W 59 127 02m42s06399 -170682 Nov 05 07:04:37 3947 -16291 A-0.5056 0.9706 44.3S 71.0E 59 122 02m35s06443 -160700 Nov 15 15:27:33 3785 -16068 A-0.4962 0.9721 47.4S 53.0W 60 115 02m26s06486 -150718 Nov 26 23:55:08 3625 -15845 A-0.4900 0.9742 50.1S 177.1W 60 106 02m15s06529 -140736 Dec 07 08:26:24 3467 -15622 A-0.4866 0.9767 51.9S 58.8E 61 95 02m01s06571 -130754 Dec 18 16:57:41 3313 -15399 A-0.4824 0.9799 52.5S 64.5W 61 82 01m45s06612 -120772 Dec 29 01:29:11 3160 -15176 A-0.4778 0.9836 51.9S 172.2E 61 66 01m26s06653 -110791 Jan 09 09:57:36 3011 -14953 A-0.4700 0.9880 49.8S 48.9E 62 48 01m03s06694 -100809 Jan 19 18:23:53 2866 -14730 A-0.4598 0.9929 46.6S 75.0W 62 28 00m38s06735 -090827 Jan 31 02:43:18 2723 -14507 A-0.4435 0.9983 42.3S 161.5E 63 7 00m09s06775 -080845 Feb 10 10:58:55 2584 -14284 H-0.4232 1.0041 37.2S 37.6E 65 16 00m22s06815 -070863 Feb 21 19:06:16 2449 -14061 H-0.3954 1.0103 31.3S 85.3W 67 39 00m57s06855 -060881 Mar 04 03:08:22 2318 -13838 H2-0.3624 1.0167 25.1S 152.4E 69 61 01m35s06895 -050899 Mar 15 11:01:39 2191 -13615 T-0.3212 1.0232 18.3S 31.7E 71 83 02m14s06935 -040917 Mar 25 18:49:52 2069 -13392 T-0.2749 1.0296 11.4S 87.9W 74 104 02m53s06976 -030935 Apr 06 02:30:30 1950 -13169 T-0.2215 1.0358 4.3S 154.4E 77 123 03m32s07017 -020953 Apr 16 10:05:48 1836 -12946 T-0.1628 1.0418 2.8N 38.1E 81 142 04m07s07058 -010971 Apr 27 17:35:25 1727 -12723 T-0.0983 1.0473 9.9N 76.5W 84 158 04m38s07098 000989 May 08 01:01:52 1622 -12500 T-0.0304 1.0523 16.8N 170.3E 88 173 05m01s07140 011007 May 19 08:24:59 1522 -12277 Tm 0.0409 1.0566 23.3N 58.6E 88 187 05m17s07182 021025 May 29 15:46:10 1426 -12054 T 0.1145 1.0602 29.2N 51.8W 83 199 05m25s07224 031043 Jun 09 23:06:47 1335 -11831 T 0.1893 1.0630 34.5N 161.0W 79 211 05m25s07268 041061 Jun 20 06:28:17 1249 -11608 T 0.2641 1.0651 38.9N 90.7E 74 221 05m20s07312 051079 Jul 01 13:51:08 1167 -11385 T 0.3381 1.0663 42.3N 16.9W 70 230 05m12s
TD of Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur. s ° ° ° km07357 061097 Jul 11 21:17:18 1090 -11162 T 0.4099 1.0667 44.5N 124.6W 66 239 05m01s07403 071115 Jul 23 04:47:53 1017 -10939 T 0.4783 1.0663 45.6N 126.8E 61 246 04m50s07448 081133 Aug 02 12:24:26 948 -10716 T 0.5423 1.0652 45.8N 16.5E 57 252 04m38s07493 091151 Aug 13 20:06:10 883 -10493 T 0.6024 1.0635 45.2N 95.7W 53 258 04m26s07538 101169 Aug 24 03:56:00 823 -10270 T 0.6561 1.0612 44.1N 149.2E 49 263 04m15s07584 111187 Sep 04 11:52:36 766 -10047 T 0.7044 1.0585 42.8N 31.5E 45 267 04m05s07629 121205 Sep 14 19:58:08 713 -9824 T 0.7458 1.0556 41.4N 89.5W 42 270 03m55s07675 131223 Sep 26 04:10:29 663 -9601 T 0.7816 1.0525 40.2N 147.0E 38 272 03m46s07720 141241 Oct 06 12:32:01 616 -9378 T 0.8103 1.0494 39.2N 20.3E 36 274 03m38s07764 151259 Oct 17 21:00:30 573 -9155 T 0.8334 1.0464 38.4N 108.8W 33 274 03m30s07808 161277 Oct 28 05:36:04 533 -8932 T 0.8506 1.0438 37.9N 119.6E 31 273 03m23s07851 171295 Nov 08 14:17:45 495 -8709 T 0.8630 1.0414 37.5N 14.0W 30 271 03m17s07893 181313 Nov 18 23:04:31 459 -8486 T 0.8712 1.0395 37.4N 149.3W 29 268 03m13s07935 191331 Nov 30 07:54:51 426 -8263 T 0.8766 1.0380 37.6N 74.2E 28 265 03m09s07976 201349 Dec 10 16:46:27 395 -8040 T 0.8811 1.0371 38.2N 62.7W 28 264 03m06s08017 211367 Dec 22 01:39:34 366 -7817 T 0.8842 1.0366 39.2N 159.8E 28 265 03m03s08058 221386 Jan 01 10:31:27 338 -7594 T 0.8881 1.0366 40.8N 22.6E 27 269 03m01s08098 231404 Jan 12 19:20:46 312 -7371 T 0.8945 1.0369 43.3N 114.3W 26 279 02m58s08138 241422 Jan 23 04:05:41 287 -7148 T 0.9044 1.0374 46.6N 109.5E 25 296 02m54s08178 251440 Feb 03 12:45:48 264 -6925 T 0.9183 1.0380 50.9N 26.5W 23 324 02m49s08218 261458 Feb 13 21:19:39 242 -6702 T 0.9374 1.0385 56.3N 162.6W 20 375 02m41s08258 271476 Feb 25 05:45:39 221 -6479 T 0.9627 1.0386 63.1N 58.7E 15 491 02m29s08298 281494 Mar 07 14:04:20 202 -6256 Tn 0.9940 1.0368 71.3N 99.2W 4 - 02m06s08339 29 1512 Mar 17 22:14:35 183 -6033 P 1.0322 0.9516 72.0N 110.2E 008381 30 1530 Mar 29 06:16:37 167 -5810 P 1.0769 0.8671 71.7N 24.4W 008422 31 1548 Apr 08 14:10:08 151 -5587 P 1.1282 0.7698 71.2N 156.5W 008463 32 1566 Apr 19 21:56:01 138 -5364 P 1.1855 0.6610 70.5N 73.9E 008504 33 1584 May 10 05:35:06 126 -5141 P 1.2478 0.5424 69.7N 53.5W 008545 34 1602 May 21 13:06:44 116 -4918 P 1.3157 0.4132 68.8N 178.3W 008587 35 1620 May 31 20:33:45 93 -4695 P 1.3868 0.2783 67.8N 58.5E 008631 36 1638 Jun 12 03:55:44 66 -4472 Pe 1.4614 0.1370 66.8N 62.9W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, seeCalendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ).This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988].The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see:Solar and Lunar Ephemerides.The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations inEarth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed asΔT and is determined as follows:
A series ofpolynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. Theuncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses.
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published inFive Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 andFive Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing inFive Millennium Canon byDan McGlaun. TheBesselian elements were provided byJean Meeus.Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
