• Alterman, A., Koppenhaver, J., Mulholland, E., Ladden, L., & Baime, M. (2004). Pilot trial of effectiveness of mindfulness meditation for substance abuse patients.Journal of Substance Use, 9(6), 259–268.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.), text revision. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills.Assessment, 11, 191–203.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Baer, R. A., Smith, T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness.Assessment, 13, 27–45.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bien, T. (2009). Paradise lost: Mindfulness and addictive behavior. In F. Didonna (Ed.),Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 289–297). New York, NY: Springer.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Block-Lerner, J., Salters-Pedneault, K., & Tull, M. T. (2005). Assessing mindfulness and experiential avoidance. In S. R. Orsillo & L. Roemer (Eds.),Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety (pp. 71–99). New York, NY: Springer.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). An evaluation of the nature of marijuana use and its motives among young adult active users.The American Journal on Addictions, 18, 409–416.

  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bonn-Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Feldner, M. T., Bernstein, A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2007). Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event-exposed marijuana users.Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(4), 577–586.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bonn-Miller, M. O., Zvolensky, M. J., Bernstein, A., & Stickle, T. R. (2008). Marijuana coping motives interact with marijuana use frequency to predict anxious arousal, panic related catastrophic thinking, and worry among current marijuana users.Depression and Anxiety, 25, 862–873.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bowen, S., & Marlatt, G. A. (2009). Surfing the urge: Brief mindfulness-based intervention for college student smokers.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(4), 666–671.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., Chawla, N., Simpson, T. L., Ostafin, B. D., et al. (2006). Mindfulness meditation and substance use in an incarcerated population.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 343–347.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Darnell, A., & Charney, D. S. (1996). Chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans: course of illness and substance abuse.The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(3), 369–375.

  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Budney, A. J., Moore, B. A., Vandrey, R., & Hughes, J. R. (2003). The time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(3), 393–402.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Chabrol, H., Ducongé, E., Casas, C., Roura, C., & Carey, K. B. (2005). Relations between cannabis use and dependence, motives for cannabis use and anxious, depressive and borderline symptomatology.Addictive Behaviors, 30(4), 829–840.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (1995).Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (nonpatient edition). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

  Google Scholar 

• Foa, E. (1995).Posttraumatic stress diagnostic scale. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.

  Google Scholar 

• Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale.Psychological Assessment, 9, 445–451.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Follette, V. M., & Vijay, A. (2009). Mindfulness for trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. In F. Didonna (Ed.),Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 299–317). New York, NY: Springer.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999).Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Hernandez-Lopez, M., Luciano, M. C., Bricker, J. B., Roales-Nieto, J. G., & Montesinos, F. (2009). Acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation: A preliminary study of its effectiveness in comparison with cognitive behavioral therapy.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(4), 723–730.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Hsu, S. H., Grow, J., & Marlatt, G. A. (2008). Mindfulness and addiction.Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 18, 229–250.

  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Johnson, K. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Leyro, T. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). Anxious arousal and anhedonic depression symptoms and the frequency of current marijuana use: Testing the mediating role of marijuana-use coping motives among active users.Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70(4), 543–550.

  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Johnson, K. A., Mullin, J. L., Marshall, E. C., Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2010). Exploring the mediational role of coping motives for marijuana use in terms of the relation between anxiety sensitivity and marijuana dependence.The American Journal on Addictions, 19, 277–282.

  Google Scholar 

• Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19–30.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• McRae, A. L., Budney, A. J., & Brady, K. T. (2003). Treatment of marijuana dependence: A review of the literature.Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24, 369–376.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Orsillo, S. M., & Batten, S. V. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.Behavior Modification, 29(1), 95–129.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36(4), 717–731.

  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Shafil, M., Lavely, R., & Jaffe, R. (1974). Meditation and marijuana.The American Journal of Psychiatry, 131(1), 60–63.

  Google Scholar 

• Sheets, V., & Braver, S. L. (1999). Organizational status and perceived sexual harassment: Detecting the mediators of a null effect.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(9), 1159–1171.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Simons, J., Correia, C. J., Carey, K. B., & Borsari, B. E. (1998). Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 265–273.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Simpson, T. L., Kaysen, D., Bowen, S., MacPherson, L. M., Chawla, N., Blume, A., et al. (2007). PTSD symptoms, substance use, and vipassana meditation among incarcerated individuals.Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(3), 239–249.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (1986).Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R-Non-Patient Version (modified for Vietnam veterans readjustment study 4/1/87). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research.

  Google Scholar 

• State of Vermont Department of Health (2009). Retrieved June 30, 2009, fromhttp://www.healthyvermonters.info/.

• Stephens, R. S. (1999). Cannabis and hallucinogens. In B. S. McCrady & E. E. Epstein (Eds.),Addictions: A comprehensive guidebook (pp. 121–140). London: Oxford University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Stephens, R. S., Roffman, R. A., & Curtin, L. (2000). Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 898–908.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Twohig, M. P., Shoenberger, D., & Hayes, S. C. (2007). A preliminary investigation of acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for marijuana dependence in adults.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40(4), 619–632.

  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Boscarino, J. A., Bucuvalas, M., et al. (2002). Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11th terrorist attacks.American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(11), 988–996.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Vujanovic, A. A., Youngwirth, N. E., Johnson, K. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). Mindfulness-based acceptance and posttraumatic stress symptoms among trauma-exposed adults without axis I psychopathology.Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(2), 297–303.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Walser, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Theoretical and applied issues. In V. M. Follette & J. I. Ruzek (Eds.),Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma (pp. 146–172). New York, NY: Guilford.

  Google Scholar 

• Walser, R. D., & Westrup, D. (2007).Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A practitioner’s guide to using mindfulness and acceptance strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

  Google Scholar 

• Watson, D. (2000).Mood and temperament. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Bernstein, A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Marshall, E. C., & Leyro, T. (2007). Marijuana use motives: A confirmatory test and evaluation among young adult marijuana users.Addictive Behaviors, 32, 3122–3130.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references