Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Advertisement

Journal of Human Genetics
  • Original Article
  • Published:

Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese’s coherent genetic structure

Journal of Human Geneticsvolume 53, pages303–313 (2008)Cite this article

Abstract

The Han Chinese is the largest single ethnic group in the world, consisting of ten Chinese branches. With the exception of the Pinghua branch, the genetic structure of this group has been studied extensively, and Y chromosome and mitochondrial (mt)DNA data have demonstrated a coherent genetic structure of all Han Chinese. It is therefore believed that the Pinghua branch, being members of an old branch of the Han Chinese, despite being scattered in and around Guangxi Province where members of the Daic and Hmong-Mien are more prevalent than Han Chinese, is no exception. We have studied 470 individual samples (including 195 males) from Pinghua populations and other ethnic groups (Zhuang, Kam, Mulam, Laka, and Mien) from six areas (Hezhou, Fuchuan, Luocheng, Jinxiu, Sanjiang, and Wuxuan) in the north of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. Both mtDNA and the Y chromosomes were typed in these samples. High frequencies of the Y chromosome haplogroups O2a* and O*, which always present at a high frequency among the populations of the southern minorities, were found in Pinghua populations. Only Pinghua populations in Luocheng and Jinxiu maintain the Han frequent haplogroup O3a5a. mtDNA lineages B4a, B5a, M*, F1a, M7b1, and N* were found in Pinghua populations, exhibiting a pattern similar to the neighboring indigenous populations, especially the Daic populations. Cluster analyses (dendrograms, principal component analyses, and networks) of Pinghua populations, the other Han branches, and other ethnic groups in East Asia indicated that Pinghua populations are much closer to the southern minorities than to the other Han branches. Admixture analyses confirmed this result. In conclusion, we argue that Pinghua populations did not descend from Han Chinese, but from southern minorities. The ancestral populations of Pinghua people were assimilated by the Han Chinese in terms of language, culture, and self-identification and, consequently, the Pinghua people became an exceptional branch of Han Chinese’s coherent genetic structure.

Similar content being viewed by others

Log in or create a free account to read this content

Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more onnature.com

or

Reference

  • Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Rohl A (1999) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 16:37–48

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Li H, Qin ZD, Liu WH, Lin WX, Yin RX, Jin L, Pan SL (2006) Y-chromosome genotyping and genetic structure of Zhuang populations. Acta Genet Sin 33:1060–1072

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupanloup I, Bertorelle G (2001) Inferring admixture proportions from molecular data: extension to any number or parental populations. Mol Biol Evol 18:672–675

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng H (2007) General history of Yao Nationality (Yaozu Tongshi). Minzu Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge JX, Wu SD, Cao SD (1997) The migration history of China. Fujian People’s Press, Fuzhou

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill C, Soares P, Mormina M, Macaulay V, Clarke D, Blumbach PB, Vizuete-Forster M, Forster P, Bulbeck D, Oppenheimer S, Richards M (2007) A mitochondrial stratigraphy for island southeast Asia. Am J Hum Genet 80:29–43

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kivisild T, Tolk HV, Parik J, Wang Y, Papiha SS, Bandelt HJ, Villems R (2002) The emerging limbs and twigs of the East Asian mtDNA tree. Mol Biol Evol 19:1737–1751

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H (2005) Genetic structure of Austro-Tai populations. PhD Dissertation of human biology, Fudan University, Shanghai

  • Li H (2007) Abscondence of Min-Yue Ethnic group revealed by molecular anthropology. J Guangxi Univ Nationalities (Phil Soc Sci) 29:42–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Pan W, Wen B, Yang N, Jin J, Jin L, Lu D (2003) Origin of Hakka and Hakkanese: a genetics analysis. Acta Genet Sin 30:873–880

    CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Cai XY, Winograd-Cort ER, Wen B, Cheng X, Qin ZD, Liu WH (2007) Mitochondrial DNA diversity and population differentiation in Southern East Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol 134:481–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li LJ (2000) The history of PingHua. Chin Lang Literat (Zhongguo Yuwen) 6:24–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan WY (2002) Language contact and the formation of Southeast Chinese Dialects. In: Zou JY (ed) Proc Hong Kong Language Contact Round Table. City University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong

  • Shi H, Dong YL, Wen B, Xiao CJ, Peter A. Underhill, Shen PD, Chakraborty R, Jin L, Su B (2005) Y-chromosome evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian-Specific Haplogroup O3-M122. Am J Hum Genet 77:408–419

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su B, Xiao C, Deka R, Seielstad MT, Kangwanpong D, Xiao J, Lu D, Underhill P, Cavalli-Sforza L, Chakraborty R, Jin L (2000) Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas. Hum Genet 107:582–590

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J (2003) Maximum-likelihood estimation of admixture proportions from genetic data. Genetics 164:747–765

    PubMed PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wen B, Li H, Lu D, Song X, Zhang F, He Y, Li F, Gao Y, Mao X, Zhang L, Qian J, Tan J, Jin J, Huang W, Deka R, Su B, Chakraborty R, Jin L (2004a) Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature 431:302–305

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen B, Li H, Gao S, Mao X, Gao Y, Li F, Zhang F, He Y, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Huang W, Jin J, Xiao C, Lu D, Chakraborty R, Su B, Deka R, Jin L (2004b) Genetic structure of Hmong-Mien speaking populations in East Asia as revealed by mtDNA lineages. Mol Biol Evol 22:725–733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wen B, Xie XH, Gao S, Li H, Shi H, Song XF, Qian TZ, Xiao CJ, Jin JZ, Su B, Lu D, Chakraborty Ranajit, Jin L (2004c) Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman populations reveals sex-biased admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans. Am J Hum Genet 74: 856–865

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu JS (1992) The development history of the Han Nationality. Sichuan Ethnic Press, Chengdu

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu JS (1999a) Formation and culture traits of PingHua Population. J Guangxi Univ Nationalities (Phil Soc Sci) 21:103–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu JS (1999b) Formation and culture traits of PingHua Population (continuation). J Guangxi Univ Nationalities (Phil Soc Sci) 21:93–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP (2002) Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am J Hum Genet 70:635–651

    Article CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan SL, Huang NJ (2005) Alternations and the external reasons for their prosperity of Guangxi dominating languages (including Local Chinese Dialects and Putonghua). J Liuzhou Teach Coll 20:64–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhan BH, Chui SH, Liu XZ, Yang W (2003) The issues about the adscription of GuangXi PingHua. Chin Lang Res (Yuwen Yanjiu) 3:47–52

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We especially thank all of the donors of our samples. The sample collectors include Yunping Lei of Fudan University, Zhe Wei, Shuo Lian, and Lisha Wang of Guangxi Medical University. Weixiong Lin and Xiaoqiu Luo also took part in the DNA extraction work. Our research was supported by the National Social Science Fund projects of China (2004 No.05XMZ015) to JSX, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.39993420) and the Genographic Project of National Geography to LJ, and Guangxi Natrural Science Foundation (No.GSN0728160, GSY0542044) to SLP.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China

    Rui-Jing Gan, Shang-Ling Pan, Cheng-Wu Liu & Jun-Hua Peng

  2. MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China

    Rui-Jing Gan, Zhen-Dong Qin, Xiao-Yun Cai, Ji Qian, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin & Hui Li

  3. Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, P.O.Box 208005, New Haven, CT, 06520-8005, USA

    Laura F. Mustavich & Hui Li

  4. School of Ethnology and Sociology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, China

    Jie-Shun Xu

Authors
  1. Rui-Jing Gan
  2. Shang-Ling Pan
  3. Laura F. Mustavich
  4. Zhen-Dong Qin
  5. Xiao-Yun Cai
  6. Ji Qian
  7. Cheng-Wu Liu
  8. Jun-Hua Peng
  9. Shi-Lin Li
  10. Jie-Shun Xu
  11. Li Jin
  12. Hui Li

Consortia

The Genographic Consortium

Corresponding author

Correspondence toHui Li.

Additional information

Rui-Jing Gan and Shang-Ling Pan contributed equally to this work.

Website:

Y chromosome haplogroup nomenclature of International Society of Genetic Genealogy:http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk07.html

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gan, RJ., Pan, SL., Mustavich, L.F.et al. Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese’s coherent genetic structure.J Hum Genet53, 303–313 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x

Download citation

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp