A Fiber-Based Chromatic Dispersion Probe for Simultaneous Measurement ofX-Axis andZ-Axis Displacements with Nanometric Resolutions

Ran Zhao

Chong Chen

^1,*,

Xin Xiong

¹,

Yuan-Liu Chen

^1,2 and

Bing-Feng Ju

^1,2

The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sensors2023,23(1), 51;https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010051

Submission received: 20 November 2022 /Revised: 16 December 2022 /Accepted: 17 December 2022 /Published: 21 December 2022

(This article belongs to the Special IssueChallenges in the Development of Optical Fiber Sensors)

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Abstract

In this paper, a fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for simultaneous measurement ofX-axis andZ-axis displacements with nanometric resolutions by using the full width at half maxima (FWHM) of the detected spectral signal has been proposed and demonstrated. ForX-axis, FWHM is employed for indicating theX-axis displacement based on the fact that the FWHM remains almost constant with the varyingZ-axis displacement of the fiber detector and shows a linear relationship with theX-axis displacement within a specificZ-axis displacement range. For theZ-axis, the linear relationship between the centroid wavelengthλ of the detected spectral signal and theZ-axis displacement is employed for indicating theZ-axis displacement based on the fact that the sensitivity (slope of theλ-Z curve) is also linear withX-axis displacement within a certainX-axis displacement range. Theoretical and experimental investigations have verified the feasibility of the proposed chromatic dispersion probe, which yieldsX- andZ-axis measurement ranges of 2.3 μm and 15 μm andX- andZ-axis measurement resolutions of better than 25 nm and 50 nm, respectively. Experiments were further performed to evaluate the basic performance of the prototype probe and the maximum measurement errors were less than 10 nm and 60 nm forX- andZ-axis displacements, respectively.

Keywords:

fiber-based probe;chromatic dispersion;full width at half maxima;centroid wavelength;simultaneous displacement measurement;nanometric resolution

1. Introduction

With the miniaturization of equipment and components in the industry, microscale stages have been a powerful tool and widely used in the space-limited and small-cavity fields of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) [1,2,3], precision optics [4,5,6], microscale mechanical testing [7], semiconductor manufacturing [8], and so on. To ensure the high-accuracy motion of these microscale stages, high-precision, cost-effective, and easy-mounted displacement measurement sensors are necessary and needed [9,10,11].

To address the issue of the displacement measurement of the micro-stage and fulfill the development of the application of the displacement measurement in the space-limited and small-cavity fields, many displacement measurement sensors and techniques [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] have been proposed so far, such as optical interferometers [11,12,13], digital image correlation sensors [14,15], thin film displacement sensors [16,17], integrated capacitive displacement sensors [18,19], hall-effect sensors [20], and so on. For the optical interferometers, not only the miniature laser diode interferometer [11], the compact laser interferometer based on the displacement sensing method [12], but also the Fabry–Pérot interferometer [13] can achieve good measurement resolutions with large-stroke measurement ranges. However, due to the large-stroke optical path, these optical interferometers are relatively fragile and sensitive to the environmental disturbances of temperature, humidity, pressure, as well as air turbulence, which will change the air refractive index beyond that it is complicated to be mounted [21,22]. More importantly, it is difficult to eliminate the reference mirror error of the optical interferometer [22,23]. The digital image correlation sensors are also proposed for the displacement measurement of the small-sized objects but complex optical components and auxiliary equipment narrow their practical application in industry [24]. As for the thin film displacement sensors [16,17], the integrated capacitive displacement sensors [18,19], and the hall-effect sensors [20], they can also realize good performances for displacement measurement of the micro-stages. Nevertheless, because of the electronic components within these sensors, electrical and electromagnetic interference are the main demerits of these sensors [25,26].

On the other hand, with the development of fiber optics, optical fiber has been widely used in the displacement measurement sensors for the measurement of various microscale specimens with its remarkable features of immunization to electrical and electromagnetic disturbance, geometric flexibility, corrosion resistance, and easy-mounted property together with portability [27,28]. Optical fiber-based interferometers have been developed for the displacement measurement of single-axis micro-stages [29,30]. A differential fiber-based displacement sensor has also been established for the displacement measurement of a one-axis micro-stage [31]. Based on the macro-bending effect, optical fiber-based sensors have been constructed for the displacement measurement of the dual-axis of the measured micro-stage [29,32]. However, in the above fiber-based sensors, most of the sensors can only measure one axis displacement, and extra optical components are necessary if more than one axis needs to be measured, which will lead to more errors introduced to the sensors and the complexity of the overall systems [12,33]. As for the optical fiber-based sensors based on the macro-bending effect, these sensors have shown good sensitivity and stability, but because of the core-cladding modal coupling, the detected spectral signals will experience wavelength-dependent losses [34]. A fiber-based and cost-effective displacement sensor that can measure dual-axis displacement simultaneously is, hence, one of the key points to expand the practical application of displacement measurement in the space-limited and small-cavity fields in the industry. To realize the simultaneous measurement of the dual-axis displacement by a single fiber-based displacement sensor, another spectral parameter should be used as the displacement measurement indicator. The FWHM of the detected spectral signal is a widely employed spectral parameter for the evaluation of the measurement resolution [35], the stress distribution monitoring [36], as well as the measurement of the microscope’s sectioning power [37] with its easy understanding and flexibly obtained properties. The FWHM of the detected spectral signal can, thus, be a powerful potential tool for dual-axis displacement measurement, which is almost unreported to our knowledge.

Therefore, in this paper, a fiber-based cost-effective chromatic dispersion probe for simultaneous measurement ofX-axis andZ-axis displacements with nanometric resolutions by using the FWHM of the detected spectral signal has been proposed. ForX-axis, FWHM is employed for indicating theX-axis displacement based on the fact that FWHM remains constant with the varyingZ-axis displacement of the fiber detector and shows a linear relationship with theX-axis displacement within a specificZ-axis displacement range. For theZ-axis, the linear relationship between the centroid wavelengthλ of the detected spectral signal and theZ-axis displacement is employed for indicating theZ-axis displacement based on the fact that the sensitivity (slope of theλ-Z curve) is also linear with theX-axis displacement within a certainX-axis displacement range. The basic performance of the prototype probe has been investigated and verified. It should be pointed out that due to the spectral instability caused by the influence of the light source stability, environmental temperature, and humidity, the center-of-mass method has been used in the process of calculating the centroid wavelength of the obtained normalized spectra from the fiber detector. Employment of the center-of-mass method to calculate the centroid wavelength can make ensure constant stable measurement results and can be regarded as a sign of the robustness of the proposed probe.

2. Principle and Simulation

Figure 1 depicts the schematic diagram of the established fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for simultaneous measurement ofX-axis andZ-axis displacements in which the object to be measured is the entrance face of the employed optical single-mode fiber. By the detected output spectrum from the fiber detector, within theX-axis, FWHM of the output spectrum is employed for indicating theX-axis displacement based on the fact that FWHM remains almost constant with the varyingZ-axis displacement of the fiber detector and shows a linear relationship with theX-axis displacement within a specificZ-axis displacement range. For theZ-axis, the linear relationship between the centroid wavelengthλ of the detected spectral signal and theZ-axis displacement is employed for indicating theZ-axis displacement based on the fact that the sensitivityS (slope of theλ-Z curve) is also linear with theX-axis displacement within a certainX-axis displacement range. In the decoding process of the simultaneous measurement ofX-axis andZ-axis displacements, firstly, the FWHM is calculated from the detected spectrum and then the displacement of theX-axis is decoded through the FWHM. Secondly, with the obtainedX-axis displacement, the sensitivityS (slope of theλ-Z curve) by theS-X curve is decoded and obtained. Finally, by the decoded sensitivityS, the correspondingλ-Z curve can be selected and by theλ-Z curve, theZ-axis displacement can be approached. It should be pointed out that the above operations can only be realized within certainX- andZ-axis displacement ranges, which are associated with the measurement ranges of theX- andZ-axis of the established chromatic dispersion probe. It should also be noted that the dispersive light coupling into the entrance face of the optical fiber core has many continuous focal planes within the fiber detector of the established chromatic dispersion probe, and one of the focal planes shown inFigure 1 is the focal plane corresponding to the central wavelength of the light beam.

2.1. Chromatic Dispersion and Imaging Principle

In the established fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe, the light beam passing through a small pinhole within the 4f optical system filter can be regarded as the linear superposition of the paraxial point light sources, which can be simply signified as the superposition of the impulse functions of ∑δ(r_sp). In the chromatic dispersion probe, an always coherent optical system is realized by employing the single-mode optical fiber as the signal-transferring media regardless of the detailed optical paths and the fiber dimensions [38,39]. The axial response of the chromatic dispersion probe within the entrance face of the fiber detector can thereby be expressed as:

I (u, v) = | \sum_{r_{sp}} h_{effective} (u, v) |^{2} .

(1)

wherer_sp stands for the distance between the light source center and the superimposed paraxial point light source andh_effective is the effective point spread function of the probe system associated with the single-mode fiber and can be expressed as:

h_{effective} = h (u, v) \otimes e (v),

(2)

whereh(u,v) is the point spread function of the probe system,e(v) is the eigenfunction of the transverse orthonormal modal field in the entrance face of the single-mode fiber, ⊗ is the convolution operation, andu andv are the optical coordinates related to theZ-axis displacementZ- and theX-directional distanceX_sp.u andv can be expressed as:

u = \frac{2 π}{λ} Z \sin^{2} α,

(3)

v = \frac{2 π}{λ} (\vec{ρ} - {\vec{X}}_{sp}) \sin α,

(4)

where sinα is the numerical aperture (NA) of the employed chromatic dispersive lens,ρ is the radial variation of the incident field of the fiber shown inFigure 2, and theX- directional distanceX_sp is the distance between the center of the fiber core and the diffraction field generated by the dispersive lens and can be expressed as the distance between the light source center and the superimposed paraxial point light sourcesr_sp and theX-axis displacementX given by Equation (5):

X_{sp} = \sqrt{{(r_{sp} c o s (θ) / M + X)}^{2} + {(r_{sp} \sin (θ) / M)}^{2}} .

(5)

whereM is the magnification of the optical system. In the simulation,θ is the angle corresponding to the discrete paraxial point light source that needs to be superimposed in a circle from the center of the light sourcer_sp.

The point spread function for the established optical system is given as:

h (u, v) = A \int_{0}^{1} e^{- \frac{j u}{2} r^{2}} J_{0} (v r) r d r .

(6)

whereJ₀ represents the zero-order Bessel functions of the first kind.

It should be pointed out that the used modal field in Equation (2) is given by Ref. [40].

\vec{e_{n}} = \hat{x} \frac{f_{n} (R)}{\sqrt{ψ_{n}}} \cos (n - 1) φ,

(7)

whereψ_n is the normalization coefficient of the mode,φ is the azimuthal angle shown inFigure 2 andf_n(R) represents the transverse electromagnetic field of the used step-index optical fiber and can be expressed as [40,41]:

f_{n} (R) = \{\begin{matrix} \frac{J_{n - 1} (U R)}{J_{n - 1} (U)}, R \leq 1 \\ \frac{K_{n - 1} (W R)}{K_{n - 1} (W)}, R > 1 \end{matrix},

(8)

withR =ρ/R_fiber andU is the modal eigenvalue [41], in whichU andW are related to the dimensionless parameterV for the core and cladding of the fiber and can be found in Ref. [42] (p. 314). Moreover,n stands for then_th mode of the employed fiber and equals 1 in the single-mode fiber.

V^{2} = W^{2} + U^{2},

(9)

The effective point spread function can be expressed by bringing Equations (6) and (7) into Equation (2), which is given by:

h_{effective} = A \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{1} e^{- \frac{j u}{2} r^{2}} J_{0} (v r) r d r \cdot f_{1} (R) R d R = A \int_{0}^{1} e^{- \frac{j u}{2} r^{2}} J_{0} (v_{diff} r) r \times \int_{0}^{\infty} J_{0} (v_{c} r R) f_{1} (R) R d R d r,

(10)

wherev_c represents the optical coordinate and is given by 2πR_fiber sinα/λ andv_diff is the optical coordinate of the diffraction field given by 2πX_sp sinα/λ.

The axial responses of the measurement axis can be expressed by bringing Equations (8)–(10) into Equation (1):

I (u, v) = {|\sum_{r_{sp}} \frac{A \sqrt{ψ_{1}}}{2 π R_{fiber}} \int_{0}^{1} e^{- \frac{j u}{2} r^{2}} J_{0} (v_{diff} r) \frac{V^{2} [r v_{c} J_{1} (r v_{c}) - J_{0} (r v_{c}) \frac{U J_{1} (U)}{J_{0} (U)}]}{({(r v_{c})}^{2} - U^{2}) ({(r v_{c})}^{2} + W^{2})} r d r|}^{2} .

(11)

whereJ₁(rv_c) is the first-order Bessel function of the first kind.

2.2. Measurement Principle of the Simultaneous Measurement of X-Axis and Z-Axis Displacements

Figure 3 shows a flowchart of the measurement principle and the corresponding decoding process of the proposed fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for displacement measurement of theX-axis. After passing through the optical path, the output spectrum is obtained and detected by the fiber detector in which the FWHM can be calculated. With differentX-axis displacements of the fiber detector, different output spectra are acquired with different FWHM values. FWHM-X decoding can be carried out based on the fact that FWHM remains almost constant with the varyingZ-axis displacement and yields a linear relationship with theX-axis displacement within a specificZ-axis displacement.

Figure 4 shows a flowchart of the measurement principle and the corresponding decoding process of the proposed fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for displacement measurement of theZ-axis. Additionally, with the detected output spectrum, the centroid wavelengthλ can be obtained. Thus, decoding the linear relationship between the centroid wavelengthλ andZ-axis displacement in differentX-axis displacements can be performed, in which different sensitivityS (λ-Z curve slopes) can be observed. With the different sensitivityS (λ-Z curve slopes), the linear relationship between the sensitivityS andX-axis displacement can also be inspected within a specificX-axis displacement range.

2.3. Simulation and Discussion

According to Equation (11) inSection 2.1, the axial response curves corresponding to differentX- andZ- axis displacements of the established chromatic dispersion probe are calculated and plotted by the software MATLAB. The FWHM of the axial response curves can, thereby, be obtained by finding the half-peak width of these axial response curves. It should be noted that the axial response curves have gradually become spectral bimodal distribution when theX-axis displacement is larger than two microns based on the theory of the employed step-index single-mode fiber, in which the cladding of the step-index single-mode fiber can hardly accept the dispersive light coupling into it. Meanwhile, in practical experiments, not only the core but also the cladding of the step-index single-mode fiber can receive the dispersive light coupling into it; moreover, the focused beam spot diameter by the dispersive lens L4 in the experiment is larger than that of the focused beam spot diameter in simulation due to the influence of the beam quality and the lens spherical aberration. Consequently, no spectral bimodal distribution is found in the practical experiments and Gaussian fitting is used for the calculation of the FWHM in the simulation. Therefore, there is a difference in the FWHM of the simulation and experimental results.Figure 5a,b show the simulation results of the variation of FWHM within theZ-axis displacement ranging from −5 to 95 μm andZ-axis displacement ranging from 30 to 50 μm atX-axis displacements from 4 to 6.3 μm. As depicted in the figures, the maximum variation of FWHM within theZ-axis displacement ranging from −5 to 95 μm is less than 8 nm and is even less than 0.4 nm within the corresponding ranging from 30 to 50 μm at theX-axis displacements ranging from 4 to 6.3 μm. It is observed that FWHM remains almost constant with the varying of theZ-axis displacement of the fiber detector withinZ-axis displacement ranging from 30 to 50 μm and can be used for indicating theX-axis displacement regardless of the simultaneous variation of theZ-axis displacement.

Figure 6a,b show simulation results of the linear relationship between the centroid wavelengthλ andZ-axis displacement and the linear relationship between the corresponding sensitivityS (λ-Z curve slope) andX-axis displacement at theX-axis displacements from 4 μm to 6.3 μm. As can be observed in the figures, the centroid wavelengthλ of the detected spectral signal can be employed for indicating theZ-axis displacement associated with differentX-axis displacements by using the corresponding linear decoding of theS-X curve within a specificZ-axis displacement range of 15 μm.

3. Experiments

Experiments on the investigation of theX- andZ-axis measurement ranges and resolutions were carried out first. Experiments were further performed to evaluate the basic performance of the prototype probe for simultaneous measurement ofX-axis andZ-axis displacements with nanometric resolutions.

Figure 7 shows the schematic of the experimental configuration of the proposed chromatic dispersion probe for simultaneous measurement of theX- andZ-axis displacements with nanometric resolutions. To obtain a wide spectral range for measurement, a chromatic LED illuminator (L1CU-4090, Lumileds Holding B.V., Haarlemmermeer, The Netherlands) was selected as the light source with a band-wide spectrum ranging from 400 nm to 800 nm. Collimated by a collimating lens L1 (AC 254-030-A-ML, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ, USA), the light beam was made to pass through an optical 4f system in which a pinhole with a diameter of 50 μm was placed onto the focal planes of the two achromatic lenses L2 and L3. After that, the light beam was split into two sub-beams called the reference sub-beam and the measurement sub-beam by a non-polarized splitter (BS). To monitor the beam quality, the reference sub-beam was inspected by a beam profiler. The measurement sub-beam was collected by a dispersive lens L4 (GCL-010158A, Daheng New Epoch Technology, Inc., Beijing, China), whose physical parameters are shown inTable 1, and received by a fiber detector which was mainly composed of a single-mode optical fiber connected to a spectrometer (LEDPRO-50, Ocean Optics, Shanghai, China). A piezo actuator (P843-20, Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG., Karlsruhe, Germany) with a measurement range of 20 μm and a positioning resolution of 0.6 nm and a linear stage (M-112-1DG, Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG.) with a measurement range of 25 mm and a positioning resolution of 50 nm were utilized forX- andZ-axis precision movement of the single-mode optical fiber. Both theX- andZ-axis moving distances were calibrated by the capacitance probes (ASP-125M-ILA, MTI Instruments Inc., Albany, NY, USA) with a measurement range and resolution of 125 μm and 7.5 nm, respectively.

4. Results and Discussions

4.1. Measurement Ranges of the X- and Z-Axis

Experiments were first carried out to investigate the FWHM variation with the varyingZ-axis displacement of the fiber detector and the linear relationship between the FWHM and theX-axis displacement within a specificZ-axis displacement range. Based on this, the measurement range of theX-axis could finally be observed. In these experiments, the entrance face of the single-mode optical fiber core of the fiber detector was mounted onto the linear stage and was made to have aZ-directional scanning with a moving step of 1 μm within theZ-axis displacement range from 30 to 45 μm. Then, the entrance face of the single-mode optical fiber of the fiber detector was made to move alongX-axis with a moving interval of 100 nm by the piezo actuator at theZ-axis displacements of 30, 35, 40, and 45 μm, respectively. Both the compact linear stage and the piezo actuator were calibrated by the capacitance probes with a measurement range and a measurement resolution of 125 and 7.5 nm, respectively.

Figure 8a shows the schematic of the definition of theX- andZ-axis coordinates in which the focal point of the dispersive lens L4 was set to be the coordinate origin.Figure 8b depicts the detected output spectrum by the fiber detector.Figure 8c,d show the experimental results of the variation of the FWHM within aZ-axis displacement range of 15 μm and the linear decoding of FWHM-X curves within the correspondingZ-axis displacement range. It can be seen from the figures that the change and the standard deviation of the FWHM were less than 0.2 nm and 0.1 nm, respectively, and furthermore, the maximum standard deviation of FWHM at the sameX-axis displacementσ_max was less than 0.1 nm within theZ-axis displacement range of 15 μm. The experimental results demonstrate that FWHM remained almost constant with the varying of theZ-axis displacement of the fiber detector, and furthermore, the linear decoding of the FWHM-X curve could be used for indicating theX-axis displacement regardless of the simultaneous variation of theZ-axis displacement and theX-axis measurement range was 2.3 μm. It should be noted thatFigure 8d was only a rough estimatedX-axis displacement measurement range associated with the FWHM variation determined by theZ-axis displacement range shown inFigure 8c. It should also be pointed out that the coefficient of determinationR² was only utilized for a qualitative evaluation of the performance of data fitting, but not as the indicator for the quantitative evaluation of the measurement linearity of the proposed fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe both in simulation and experimental results. Accurate evaluation of the measurement range and measurement linearity with accurate identification of the measurement accuracy and uncertainties will be carried out in future work.

Figure 9a depicts the experimental result of the linear relationship between the centroid wavelengthλ andZ-axis displacement.Figure 9b shows the linear relationship between the corresponding sensitivityS (λ-Z curve slope) andX-axis displacement within theX-axis displacements from 4 μm to 6.3 μm. As shown in the figures, the centroid wavelengthλ of the detected spectral signal could be employed for indicating theZ-axis displacement associated with differentX-axis displacements by using the corresponding linear decoding of theS-X curve, and furthermore, theZ-axis measurement range was 15 μm. It should be pointed out that the output spectra have gradually become spectral bimodal distribution when theX-axis displacement was larger than two microns based on the theory of the employed step-index single-mode fiber in which the cladding of the step-index single-mode fiber could hardly accept the dispersive light coupling into it. Based on this, Gaussian fitting was used for the calculation of the centroid wavelength in the simulation. Meanwhile, in practical experiments, not only the core but also the cladding of the step-index single-mode fiber could receive the dispersive light coupling into it; moreover, the focused beam spot diameter by the dispersive lens L4 in the experiment was larger than that of the focused beam spot diameter in simulation due to the influence of the beam quality and the lens spherical aberration. Consequently, no spectral bimodal distribution was found in the practical experiments. Therefore, the simulation and experimental results were different because the output spectrum with Gaussian fitting was used for the calculation of the centroid wavelength in the simulation, which finally resulted in a slight difference in the simulation and experimental results of the equations of theS-X decoding. Despite the slight difference, the same trend of the linear relationship could be observed and the difference was, thereby, within the expected tolerance, which demonstrated that theZ-axis displacement could be measured regardless of theX-axis movement.

4.2. Measurement Resolutions of X- and Z-Axis

Experiments were then carried out to investigate the measurement resolutions of theX- andZ-axis of the established chromatic dispersion probe, respectively. Similarly, in these experiments, the entrance face of the optical fiber core in the fiber detector was fixed onto the piezo actuator and the linear stage was firstly made to have a scanning alongX-axis with much smaller moving steps of 100, 50, 25, and 15 nm, respectively. Then, the entrance face of the single-mode optical fiber core of the fiber detector was made to move alongZ-axis with moving steps of 200, 100, 50, and 25 nm, respectively by the linear stage.

Figure 10 shows the experimental results of theX-axis displacement resolution of the established chromatic dispersion probe with the moving steps of 100, 50, 25, and 15 nm, respectively. As can be seen in the figures, the applied moving steps could be clearly discriminated in the moving steps of 100, 50, and 25 nm, and hence, we can conclude that anX-axis displacement resolution of better than 25 nm could be realized in the established chromatic dispersion probe. Similarly,Figure 11 depicts the experimental results of theZ-axis displacement resolution of the established chromatic dispersion probe with different moving intervals of 200, 100, 50, and 25 nm, respectively, which yielded aZ-axis displacement resolution of better than 50 nm for the established dispersion probe. It should be noted that to improve the measurement resolution of theX-axis displacement, the sum of sines function was used to fit the detected spectra. As can be seen inFigure 8,Figure 10 andFigure 11, although different sensitivities were found, only slight change could be observed and good measurement linearity could be inspected both inX- andZ-axis measurement range and resolution experiments. Thus, it could still be considered that the sensitivity was a constant and was independent of the displacement values and measurement linearity within the measurement range of the employed chromatic dispersion probe.

4.3. Evaluation of the Basic Performance of the Established Prototype Probe

To verify and confirm the feasibility of the proposed chromatic dispersion probe for the simultaneous measurement ofX- andZ-axis displacements, experiments were finally carried out to evaluate the basic performance of the established prototype probe. In the experiments, as shown inFigure 12a, from the coordinate origin defined inFigure 8a, the moving path of the fiber detector was depicted withX- andZ-axis moving steps of 100 nm and 1 μm, respectively, along which five measuring points, A to E, were randomly selected. The actual moving displacement was calibrated by the capacitive probe and was called the calibrated value. The displacement decoded from the established chromatic confocal probe was called the measurement value.Figure 12b depicts the experimentally obtained spectrum at the measuring point C and the sum of sines function was used to fit the detected spectrum for the improvement of the measurement resolution of theX-axis.Figure 12c,d show the calibrated values (red points) and the measurement values (blue points) for the confirmation experiments of the simultaneous measurement ofX- andZ-axis displacements measurement with nanometric resolutions. As depicted inFigure 12d,e, the maximum measurement errors of the prototype probe were less than 10 nm and 60 nm forX- andZ-axis displacements measurement, respectively. As can be observed in the experiments, the feasibility of the proposed chromatic dispersion probe for simultaneous measurement ofX- andZ-axis displacements with nanometric resolutions could be verified and simultaneous measurement ofX- andZ-axis displacements of an optical fiber could be realized regardless of the variation ofX- andZ-axis displacements of the optical fiber during the simultaneous measurement process, which greatly fulfills the development of the application of simultaneous measurement of dual-axis displacement in the space-limited and small-cavity fields with nanometric resolutions, in which the micro-sized optical fiber can easily be fixed on a micro-object to be measured.

5. Conclusions

In this study, a fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for the simultaneous measurement ofX- andZ-axis displacements with nanometric resolutions is proposed and demonstrated by using the FWHM of the detected spectral signal, which successfully realized theX-axis measurement range and resolution of 2.3 μm and 25 nm, and furthermore, theZ-axis measurement range and resolution of 15 μm and 50 nm, respectively. Experiments were performed to evaluate the basic performance of the prototype sensor, which verified the feasibility of the proposed chromatic dispersion probe and yielded that the maximum measurement errors of the probe were less than 10 nm and 60 nm for theX- andZ-axis displacements, respectively. Due to the micro-size of the optical fiber, it is expected to extend this probe to online calibration in space-limited situations and to enlighten the application in microscale sensing under small-cavity conditions. It should be pointed out that this paper is an initial report of our research on the proposal of a preliminary idea of a fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for simultaneous measurement ofX- andZ-axis displacements by employing the FWHM of the detected spectrum.

As the next step of our research, studies will be carried out to systematically optimize the proposed fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe and achieve longer measurement ranges together with higher measurement resolutions for both theX- andZ-axis. Moreover, the practical application of the developed fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe to the dual-axis displacement measurement under space-limited and small-cavity conditions in the industry remains a challenge to be addressed and will also be taken into consideration in the next step of our research.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.-F.J.; methodology, R.Z. and C.C.; software, R.Z.; validation, R.Z. and C.C.; formal analysis, R.Z., C.C. and X.X.; investigation, R.Z. and C.C.; resources, B.-F.J. and C.C.; data curation, R.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, R.Z., C.C. and X.X.; writing—review and editing, R.Z., C.C. and B.-F.J.; visualization, C.C.; supervision, C.C., Y.-L.C. and B.-F.J.; project administration, B.-F.J.; funding acquisition, Y.-L.C. and B.-F.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFB3403603, 2022YFB3403602, 2021YFB3400300), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52035013 and 52175439), and the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. LD22E050010).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFB3403603, 2022YFB3403602, 2021YFB3400300), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52035013 and 52175439), and the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. LD22E050010).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the established fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for the simultaneous measurement ofX-axis andZ-axis displacements with nanometric resolutions.

Figure 2. Schematic of the diffraction field coupling into the entrance face of the core of an optical fiber and the corresponding coordinate system in the entrance face of the fiber core.

Figure 3. A flowchart of the measurement principle and the corresponding decoding process of the proposed fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for the displacement measurement of theX-axis.

Figure 4. A flowchart of the measurement principle and the corresponding decoding process of the proposed fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for displacement measurement of theZ-axis.

Figure 5. Simulation results of (a) the variation of FWHM withinZ-axis displacement ranging from −5 to 95 μm; and (b) the correspondingZ-axis displacement ranging from 30 μm to 50 μm at theX-axis displacements from 4 μm to 6.3 μm.

Figure 6. Simulation results of (a) the linear relationship between the centroid wavelengthλ andZ-axis displacement and (b) the linear relationship between the corresponding sensitivityS (λ-Z curve slope) andX-axis displacement at theX-axis displacements from 4 to 6.3 μm.

Figure 7. Schematic of the fiber-based chromatic dispersion probe for simultaneous measurement of theX-axis andZ-axis displacements with nanometric resolutions.

Figure 8. Definition (a) of theX-axis andZ-axis coordinates and the experimental results of (b) the obtained output spectrum by the fiber detector and (c) the variation of the FWHM within aZ-axis displacement range of 15 μm together with (d) the linear decoding of FWHM-X curves in the correspondingZ-axis displacement range of 15 μm.

Figure 9. Experimental results of (a) the linear relationship between the centroid wavelengthλ andZ-axis displacement and (b) the linear relationship between the corresponding sensitivityS (λ-Z curve slope) andX-axis displacement.

Figure 10. Experimental results of theX-axis displacement resolution of the established chromatic dispersion probe with different moving steps of (a) 100 nm, (b) 50 nm, (c) 25 nm, and (d) 15 nm, respectively.

Figure 11. Experimental results of theZ-axis displacement resolution of the established chromatic dispersion probe with different moving steps of (a) 200 nm, (b) 100 nm, (c) 50 nm, and (d) 25 nm, respectively.

Figure 12. Schematic of (a) the moving path of the fiber detector and five randomly selected measuring points A to E. (b) Experimental results of the obtained output spectrum of the measuring points C and Experimental results of the simultaneous measurement of (c)X- and (d)Z-axis displacements together with the corresponding measurement errors of (e)X-axis and (f)Z-axis for the prototype probe.

Table 1. Physical parameters of the dispersive lens.

Items	Symbol	Value
Lens materials	-	K9
Surface radii of the lens L4	R₁	∞
Surface radii of the lens L4	R₂	15.5 mm
Sellmeier coefficients	B₁	1.03961212
	B₂	0.231792344
	B₃	1.01046945
	C₁	0.00600069867
	C₂	0.0200179144
	C₃	103.560653

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Zhao, R.; Chen, C.; Xiong, X.; Chen, Y.-L.; Ju, B.-F. A Fiber-Based Chromatic Dispersion Probe for Simultaneous Measurement ofX-Axis andZ-Axis Displacements with Nanometric Resolutions.Sensors2023,23, 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010051

AMA Style

Zhao R, Chen C, Xiong X, Chen Y-L, Ju B-F. A Fiber-Based Chromatic Dispersion Probe for Simultaneous Measurement ofX-Axis andZ-Axis Displacements with Nanometric Resolutions.Sensors. 2023; 23(1):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010051

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Ran, Chong Chen, Xin Xiong, Yuan-Liu Chen, and Bing-Feng Ju. 2023. "A Fiber-Based Chromatic Dispersion Probe for Simultaneous Measurement ofX-Axis andZ-Axis Displacements with Nanometric Resolutions"Sensors 23, no. 1: 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010051

APA Style

Zhao, R., Chen, C., Xiong, X., Chen, Y.-L., & Ju, B.-F. (2023). A Fiber-Based Chromatic Dispersion Probe for Simultaneous Measurement ofX-Axis andZ-Axis Displacements with Nanometric Resolutions.Sensors,23(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010051

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A Fiber-Based Chromatic Dispersion Probe for Simultaneous Measurement ofX-Axis andZ-Axis Displacements with Nanometric Resolutions

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Principle and Simulation

2.1. Chromatic Dispersion and Imaging Principle

2.2. Measurement Principle of the Simultaneous Measurement of X-Axis and Z-Axis Displacements

2.3. Simulation and Discussion

3. Experiments

4. Results and Discussions

4.1. Measurement Ranges of the X- and Z-Axis

4.2. Measurement Resolutions of X- and Z-Axis

4.3. Evaluation of the Basic Performance of the Established Prototype Probe

5. Conclusions

Author Contributions

Funding

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

References

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