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Hippopotamus Underwater Locomotion: Reduced-Gravity Movements for a Massive Mammal

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Brittany L. Coughlin
Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
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Frank E. Fish
Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
*Correspondent:[email protected]
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Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 90, Issue 3, 2 June 2009, Pages 675–679,https://doi.org/10.1644/08-MAMM-A-279R.1
Published:
02 June 2009
Article history
Received:
30 August 2008
Accepted:
03 December 2008
Published:
02 June 2009
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Abstract

Use of the aquatic environment by hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius) allows locomotive styles impossible to achieve on land by such heavy animals. Videos of the underwater locomotion of 2 hippopotami were analyzed frame by frame. Average horizontal velocity underwater was 0.47 m/s. Hippopotami used a gait underwater that was similar to a gallop with extended unsupported intervals. Ground contact time decreased with increasing horizontal velocity, vertical displacement during the unsupported intervals increased with an increase in ground contact time, and time between consecutive footfalls decreased with an increase in horizontal velocity. Hippopotami use an unstable gait underwater, which is facilitated by the increased buoyancy of water. Despite restrictions to movement on land due to its massive weight, locomotion of the hippopotamus underwater is analogous to movement in a microgravity environment.

© 2009 American Society of Mammalogists
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Journal of Mammalogy
  • Online ISSN 1545-1542
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  • Copyright © 2025 American Society of Mammalogists
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