A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genusRanitomeya(Amphibia: Dendrobatidae)
- JASON L. BROWN+−
- EVAN TWOMEY+−
- ADOLFO AMÉZQUITA+−
- MOISÉS BARBOSA DE SOUZA+−
- JANALEE P. CALDWELL+−
- STEFAN LÖTTERS+−
- RUDOLF VON MAY+−
- PAULO ROBERTO MELO-SAMPAIO+−
- DANIEL MEJÍA-VARGAS+−
- PEDRO PEREZ-PEÑA+−
- MARK PEPPER+−
- ERIK H. POELMAN+−
- MANUEL SANCHEZ-RODRIGUEZ+−
- KYLE SUMMERS+−
Abstract
The Neotropical poison frog genusRanitomeya is revised, resulting in one new genus, one new species, five synonymies and one species classified asnomendubium. We present an expanded molecular phylogeny that contains 235 terminals, 104 of which are new to this study. Notable additions to this phylogeny include seven of the 12 species in theminuta group, 15Ranitomeyaamazonica, 20R.lamasi, twoR.sirensis, 30R.ventrimaculata and sevenR.uakarii. Previous researchers have long recognized two distinct, reciprocally monophyletic species groups contained withinRanitomeya, sensu Grantetal. 2006: theventrimaculata group, which is distributed throughout much of the Amazon, and theminuta group of the northern Andes and Central America. We restrictRanitomeya to the former group and erect a new genus,Andinobates Twomey, Brown, Amézquita & Mejía-Vargasgen.nov., for members of theminuta group. Other major taxonomic results of the current revision include the following: (i) A new species,Ranitomeyatoraro Brown, Caldwell, Twomey, Melo-Sampaio & Souzasp.nov., is described from western Brazil. This species has long been referred to asR.ventrimaculata but new morphological and phylogenetic data place it sister toR.defleri. (ii) Examination of the holotype ofR.ventrimaculata revealed that this specimen is in fact a member of what is currently referred to asR.duellmani, therefore,Dendrobatesduellmani Schulte 1999 is considered herein a junior synonym ofD.ventrimaculatus Shreve 1935 (=R.ventrimaculata). (iii) For the frogs that were being calledR.ventrimaculata prior to this revision, the oldest available and therefore applicable name isR.variabilis. Whereas previous definitions ofR.variabilis were restricted to spotted highland frogs near Tarapoto, Peru, our data suggest that this color morph is conspecific with lowland striped counterparts. Therefore, the definition ofR.variabilis is greatly expanded to include most frogs which were (prior to this revision) referred to asR.ventrimaculata. (iv) Phylogenetic and bioacoustic evidence support the retention ofR.amazonica as a valid species related toR.variabilis as defined in this paper. Based on phylogenetic data,R.amazonica appears to be distributed throughout much of the lower Amazon, as far east as French Guiana and the Amazon Delta and as far west as Iquitos, Peru. (v) Behavioral and morphological data, as well as phylogenetic data which includes topotypic material ofR.sirensis and numerous samples ofR.lamasi, suggest that the namessirensis,lamasi andbiolat are applicable to a single, widespread species that displays considerable morphological variation throughout its range. The oldest available name for this group issirensis Aichinger; therefore, we expand the definition ofR.sirensis. (vi)Ranitomeyaignea andR.intermedia, elevated to the species status in a previous revision, are placed as junior synonyms ofR.reticulata andR.imitator, respectively. (vii)Ranitomeyarubrocephala is designated asnomendubium. In addition to taxonomic changes, this revision includes the following: (i) Explicit definitions of species groups that are consistent with our proposed taxonomy. (ii) A comprehensive dichotomous key for identification of ‘small’ aposematic poison frogs of South and Central America. (iii) Detailed distribution maps of allRanitomeya species, including unpublished localities for most species. In some cases, these records result in substantial range extensions (e.g.,R.uakarii,R.fantastica). (iv) Tadpole descriptions forR.amazonica,R.flavovittata,R.imitator,R.toraro sp. nov.,R.uakarii andR.variabilis; plus a summary of tadpole morphological data forAndinobates andRanitomeya species. (v) A summary of call data on most members ofAndinobates andRanitomeya, including call data of several species that have not been published before. (vi) A discussion on the continued impacts of the pet trade on poison frogs (vii) A discussion on several cases of potential Müllerian mimicry within the genusRanitomeya. We also give opinions regarding the current debate on recent taxonomic changes and the use of the nameRanitomeya.References
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