Morphology and life cycle ofCarybdea morandinii,sp. nov. (Cnidaria), a cubozoan with zooxanthellae and peculiar polyp anatomy
Abstract
A new species of Cubozoa found in an aquarium at Hagenbecks Tierpark (Zoo), Hamburg, Germany, is described herein asCarybdeamorandinii. The species is distinguished from all known cnidarians in the anatomy of its polyp stage. The gastric cavity of the cubopolyp is divided horizontally into two chambers by a shutter-lens-like diaphragm. Metamorphosis was total and resulted in a single, four-tentacled medusa as in other known cubozoans. Both polyp and medusa stages bear zooxanthellae, which seemed important in the metamorphic process.References
Adler, L. (2008)Vegetative Vermehrung von Sanderia malayensis Goette, 1886 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae). Diplomarbeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 89 pp.
Adler, L. & Jarms, G. (2009) New insights into reproductive traits of scyphozoans: special methods of propagation inSanderia malayensis GOETTE, 1886 (Pelagiidae, Semaeostomeae) enable establishing a new classification of asexual reproduction in the class Scyphozoa.Marine Biology, 156, 1411–1420. DOI 10.1007/s00227-009-1181-6
Arneson, A.C. (1976)Life history of Carybdea alata Reynaud, 1830 (Cubomedusae). MS thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 43 pp., 2 pls.
Arneson, A.C. & Cutress, C.E. (1976) Life history ofCarybdea alata Reynaud, 1830 (Cubomedusae). In: MackieG.O. (Ed.), Coelenterate ecology and behavior, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 227–236.
Calder, D.R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae.Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1–107.
Chapman, D.M. (1978) Microanatomy of the cubopolyp,Tripedalia cystophora (Class Cubozoa).Helgoländer Meereswissenschaften, 31, 128–168.
Cutress, C.E. & Studebaker, J.P. (1973) Development of the cubomedusae,Carybdea marsupialis.Proceedings of the Association of Island Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean, 9, 25.
Daly, M., Brugler, M.R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A.G., Dawson, M.N., Fautin, D.G., France, S.C., McFadden, C.S., Opresko, D.M., Rodriguez, E., Romano, S.L. & Stake, J.L. (2007) The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus.Zootaxa, 1668, 127–182.
Delap, M.J. (1906) Notes on rearing, in an aquarium, ofAurelia aurita, L. andPelagia perla (Slabber).Fisheries, Ireland, Scientific Investigations 1905, 7, 22–26.
Fischer, A.B. & Hofmann, D.K. (2004) Budding, bud morphogenesis, and regeneration inCarybdea marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Cnidaria: Cubozoa).Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 331–337.
Gegenbaur, C. (1857) Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna des Mittelmeeres.Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 8, 202–273.
Gershwin, L. (2005)Carybdea alataauct. andManokia stiasnyi, reclassification to a new family with description of a new genus and two new species.Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 51, 501–523.
Gershwin, L. (2008)Morbakka fenneri, a new genus and species of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa).Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 54, 23–33.
Gershwin, L. & Gibbons, M.J. (2009)Carybdea branchi, sp. nov., a new box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from South Africa.Zootaxa, 2088, 41–50.
Gohar, H.A.F. & Eisawy, A.M. (1960) The development ofCassiopeaandromeda.Publications Marine Biological Station, Al-Ghardaqa, 11, 148–190.
Hartwick, R.F. (1991a) Distributional ecology and behaviour of the early life stages of the box-jellyfishChironex fleckeri.Hydrobiologia, 216/217, 181–188.
Hartwick, R.F. (1991b) Observation on the anatomy, behaviour, reproduction and life cycle of the cubozoanCarybdea sivickisi.Hydrobiologia 216/217, 171–179.
Holst, S. (2008)Grundlagen der Populationsentwicklung verschiedener Scyphozoa (Cnidaria) der Deutschen Bucht. Dissertation, Universität Hamburg, 154 pp.
Jarms, G. (2003) Klasse Scyphozoa (Schirmquallen). Klasse Cubozoa (Würfelquallen).In: Hofrichter R. (Ed.),Das Mittelmeer — Fauna, Flora, Ökologie. Band II/1: Bestimmungsführer - Prokaryota, Protista, Fungi, Algae, Plantae, Animalia (bis Nemertae). Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, pp 514–533.
Jarms, G., Morandini, A.C. & Silveira, F.L. da (2002) Cultivation of polyps and medusae of Coronatae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) with a brief review of important characters.Helgoland Marine Research, 56, 203–210.
Kakinuma, Y. (1975) An experimental study of the life cycle and organ differentiation ofAurelia aurita LAMARCK.Bulletin of Marine Biology Station of Asamushi, 15, 101–113.
Laska-Mehnert, G. (1985) Cytologische Veränderungen während der Metamorphose des CubopolypenTripedalia cystophora (Cubozoa, Carybdeidae) in die Meduse.Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 39, 129–164.
Lewis, C. & Bentlage, B. (2009) Clarifying the identity of the Japanese Habu-kurage,Chironex yamaguchii, sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida).Zootaxa, 2030, 59–65.
Mehnert, G. (1984) Die Metamorphose des Polypen von Tripedalia cystophora (Cubozoa, Carybdeidae) in die Meduse. Inaugural-Dissertation. Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn, 161 pp.
Morandini, A.C., Stampar, S.N., Migotto, A.E. & Marques, A.C. (2009)Hydrocoryne iemanja (Cnidaria), a new species of Hydrozoa with unusual mode of asexual reproduction.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89, 67–76.
Péron, F. & Lesueur, C.A. (1810) Tableau des caractères génériques et spécifiques de toutes les espèces de méduses connues jusqu’à ce jour.Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 14, 325–366.
Petersen, K.W. (1979) Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa.In: Larwood, G., & Rosen, B.R. (Eds.),Biology and systematics of colonial animals. Academic Press, New York, pp. 105–139.
Pitt, K.A. (2000) Life history and settlement preferences of the edible jellyfishCatostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae).Marine Biology, 136, 269–279.
Rees, W.J. (1957) Evolutionary trends in the classification of capitate hydroids and medusae.Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 4 (9), 453–534. Plates 12–13.
Romeis, B. (1989)Mikroskopische Technik. 17. Aufl.; Urban & Schwarzenberg Verlag, München, Wien, Baltimore, 97–235.
Spangenberg, D.B. (1967) Iodine induction of metamorphosis inAurelia.Journal of Experimental Zoology, 165, 441–450.
Stangl, K. (1997)Zelluläre Analyse von Wachstum und Morphogenese bei Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria, Cubozoa). Diplomarbeit, Formal- und Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Wien, 111pp.
Stangl, K., Salvini-Plawen, L.v. & Holstein, T.W. (2002) Staging and induction of medusa metamorphosis inCarybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria, Cubozoa).Vie et Milieu, 52 (4), 131–140.
Straehler-Pohl, I. (2001)Die Verwandtschaft dreier Cubozoenarten (Tripedalia cystophora, Carybdea marsupialis und eine unbekannte art der Cubozoa) aufgrund von Unterschieden in Morphologie, Lebenszyclus und 16s rDNS-Sequenz. Diplomarbeit, Universität Hamburg, 108 pp.
Straehler-Pohl, I. (2009)Die Phylogenie der Rhopaliophora und die Paraphylie der ‘Rhizostomeae’. Dissertation, Universität Hamburg, 372 pp.
Straehler-Pohl, I. & Jarms, G. (2005) Life cycle ofCarybdea marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Cubozoa, Carybdeidae) reveals metamorphosis to be a modified strobilation.Marine Biology, 147, 1271–1277. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0031-4.
Studebaker, J.P. (1972)Development of the cubomedusa, Carybdea marsupialis. M.S. thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 52 pp, 4 pls.
Sugiura, Y. (1964) On the life-history of rhizostome medusae II. Indispensability of zooxanthellae for strobilation inMastigias papua.Embryologia, 8, 223–233.
Verrill, A.E. (1865) Classification of polyps: (extract condensed from a synopsis of the Polypi of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers, U.S.N.).Proceedings of the Essex Institute, 4, 145–152.
Werner, B. (1973) Spermatozeugmen und Paarungsverhalten beiTripedalia cystophora (Cubomedusae).Marine Biology, 18, 212–217.
Werner, B. (1973a) New investigations on systematics and evolution of the class Scyphozoa and the phylum Cnidaria.Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20, 35–61.
Werner, B. (1975) Bau und Lebensgeschichte des Polypen vonTripedalia cystophora (Cubozoa, class. nov., Carybdeidae) und seine Bedeutung für die Evolution der Cnidaria.Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 461–504.
Werner B. (1976) Die neue Cnidarierklasse Cubozoa.Verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen Gesellschaft, 230.
Werner, B. (1983) Die Metamorphose des Polypen vonTripedalia cystophora (Cubozoa, Carybdeidae) in die Meduse.Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 36, 257–276.
Werner, B. (1993) Cnidaria.In: Gruner, H.-E. (Ed.),Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie. Bd I 2. Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 11–305.
Werner, B., Cutress, C.E. & Studebaker, J.P. (1971) Life cycle ofTripedalia cystophora Conant (Cubomedusae).Nature, 232, 582–583. doi:10.1038/232582a0
Werner, B., Chapman, D.M. & Cutress, C.E. (1976) Muscular and nervous systems of the cubopolyp (Cnidaria).Experientia, 32 (8), 155–157.
Widmer, C.L. (2006) Life cycle ofPhacellophora camtschatica (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa).Invertebrate Biology, 125, 83–90.
Yamaguchi, M. & Hartwick, R. (1980) Early life history of the sea wasp,Chironex fleckeri (Class Cubozoa).In: Tardent, P. & Tardent, R. (Eds.),Developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, pp 11–16.
Yasuda, T. (1979) Studies on reproductive biology of harmful marine animals–the common jellyfish,Aurelia aurita, along coast of Wakasa Bay, Japan Sea.7th Japan-Soviet Joint Symposium on Aquaculture, Sept. 1978, Tokyo, 185–195.