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Jupiter's Interior as Revealed by Juno

Abstract

Jupiter is in the class of planets that we call gas giants, not because they consist of gas but because they were primarily made from hydrogen-helium gas, which upon gravitational compression becomes a metallic fluid. Juno, in orbit about Jupiter since 2016, has changed our view: The gravity data are much improved, and the simplest interpretation of the higher order even harmonics implies that the planet may have a diluted central concentration of heavy elements. Jupiter has strong winds extending to perhaps ∼3,000-km depth that are evident in the odd zonal harmonics of the gravity field. Jupiter's distinctive magnetic field displays some limited local structure, most notably the Great Blue Spot (a region of downward flux near the equator), and some evidence for secular variation, possibly arising from the winds. However, Juno is ongoing; it has not answered all questions and has posed new ones.

  • ▪  Juno's mission reveals Jupiter's interior.
  • ▪  A core exists but is diluted by hydrogen.
  • ▪  The mission revealed wind depth and magnetic field.

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    Jupiter's Interior as Revealed by Juno
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    Literature Cited

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      [Google Scholar]
    2. BodenheimerP,StevensonDJ,LissauerJJ,D'AngeloG2018. New formation models for the Kepler-36 system.Astrophys. J.868:2138
      [Google Scholar]
    3. BoltonSJ,AdrianiA,AdumitroaieV,AllisonM,AndersonJ et al.2017. Jupiter's interior and deep atmosphere: the initial pole-to-pole passes 327 with the Juno spacecraft.Science356:821–25
      [Google Scholar]
    4. BoltonSJ,LunineJ,StevensonD,ConnerneyJEP,LevinS et al.2019. The Juno mission.Space Sci. Rev.213:5–37
      [Google Scholar]
    5. BrownS,JanssenM,AdumitroaieV,AtreyaS,BoltonS et al.2018. Prevalent lightning sferics at 600 megahertz near Jupiter's poles.Nature558:770887–90
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    6. BurkeBF,FranklinKL.1955. Observations of a variable radio source associated with the planet Jupiter.J. Geophys. Res.60:2213–17
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    7. CaoH,DoughertyMK,HuntGJ,ProvanG,CowleySW et al.2019. The landscape of Saturn's internal magnetic field from the Cassini Grand Finale.Icarus11:1135411
      [Google Scholar]
    8. ChandrasekharS.1958.1939.An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure New York: Dover
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    9. ConnerneyJE,AcunaMH,NessNF1996. Octupole model of Jupiter's magnetic field from Ulysses observations.J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.101:A1227453–58
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    11. de PaterI,SaultRJ,ButlerB,DeBoerD,WongMH2016. Peering through Jupiter's clouds with radio spectral imaging.Science352:62901198–201
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    12. DebrasF,ChabrierG.2019. New models of Jupiter in the context of Juno and Galileo.Astrophys. J.872:1100
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    13. DemarcusWC.1958. The constitution of Jupiter and Saturn.Astron. J.63:12–28
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    16. FortneyJJ,NettelmannN.2010. The interior structure, composition, and evolution of giant planets.Space Sci. Rev.152:1–4423–47
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    18. GaoP,StevensonDJ.2013. Nonhydrostatic effects and the determination of icy satellites' moment of inertia.Icarus226:21185–91
      [Google Scholar]
    19. GrassetO,Castillo-RogezJ,GuillotT,FletcherLN,TosiF2017. Water and volatiles in the outer solar system.Space Sci. Rev.212:1–2835–75
      [Google Scholar]
    20. GuillotT.2005. The interiors of giant planets: models and outstanding questions.Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.33:493–530
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    21. GuillotT,ChabrierG,MorelP,GautierD1994. Nonadiabatic models of Jupiter and Saturn.Icarus112:2354–67
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    27. HubbardWB,SmoluchowskiR.1973. Structure of Jupiter and Saturn.Space Sci. Rev.14:5599–662
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    30. KaspiY,GalantiE,HubbardWB,StevensonDJ,BoltonSJ et al.2018. Jupiter's atmospheric jet streams extend thousands of kilometres deep.Nature555:223–26
      [Google Scholar]
    31. KruijerTS,BurkhardtC,BuddeG,KleineT2017. Dating the formation of Jupiter using the distinct genetics and formation times of meteorites.Meteorit. Planet. Sci.52:A182(Abstr.)
      [Google Scholar]
    32. Le MaistreS,FolknerWM,JacobsonRA,SerraD2016. Jupiter spin-pole precession rate and moment of inertia from Juno radio-science observations.Planet. Space Sci.126:78–92
      [Google Scholar]
    33. LeconteJ,ChabrierG.2012. A new vision of giant planet interiors: impact of double diffusive convection.Astron. Astrophys.540:A20
      [Google Scholar]
    34. LiC,IngersollA,JanssenM,LevinS,BoltonS et al.2017. The distribution of ammonia on Jupiter from a preliminary inversion of Juno 323 microwave radiometer data.Geophys. Res. Lett.44:5317–25
      [Google Scholar]
    35. LiuJ,GoldreichPM,StevensonDJ2008. Constraints on deep-seated zonal winds inside Jupiter and Saturn.Icarus196:2653–64
      [Google Scholar]
    36. LiuS-F,HoriY,MullerS,ZhengX,HelledR et al.2019. The formation of Jupiter's diluted core by a giant impact.Nature572:355–57
      [Google Scholar]
    37. LowFJ.1966. Observations of Venus, Jupiter and Saturn at λ20 μ.Astron. J.71:391 (Abstr.)
      [Google Scholar]
    38. MankovichC,MarleyMS,FortneyJJ,MovshovitzN2019. Cassini ring seismology as a probe of Saturn's interior. I. Rigid rotation.Astrophys. J.871:11
      [Google Scholar]
    39. MarkhamS,StevensonD.2018. Excitation mechanisms for Jovian seismic modes.Icarus306:200–13
      [Google Scholar]
    40. MiguelY,GuillotT,FayonL2018. Jupiter internal structure: the effect of different equations of state (Corrigendum).Astron. Astrophys.618:C2
      [Google Scholar]
    41. MilitzerB,HubbardWB.2013. Ab initio equation of state for hydrogen-helium mixtures with recalibration of the giant-planet mass-radius relation.Astrophys. J.774:2148
      [Google Scholar]
    42. MooreKM,CaoH,BloxhamJ,StevensonDJ,ConnerneyJ,BoltonS2019. Time variation of Jupiter's magnetic field consistent with zonal wind advection.Nat. Astron.3:730–35
      [Google Scholar]
    43. MooreKM,YadavRK,KulowskiL,CaoH,BloxhamJ et al.2018. A complex dynamo inferred from the hemispheric dichotomy of Jupiter's magnetic field.Nature561:772176–78
      [Google Scholar]
    44. MoralesMA,HamelS,CaspersenK,SchweglerE2013. Hydrogen-helium demixing from first principles: from diamond anvil cells to planetary interiors.Phys. Rev. B87:17174105
      [Google Scholar]
    45. NettelmannN,BeckerA,HolstB,RedmerR2012. Jupiter models with improved ab initio hydrogen equation of state (H-REOS.2).Astrophys. J.750:152
      [Google Scholar]
    46. OwenT,EncrenazT.2003. Element abundances and isotope ratios in the giant planets and Titan.Space Sci. Rev.106:1–4121–38
      [Google Scholar]
    47. PollackJB,HubickyjO,BodenheimerP,LissauerJJ,PodolakM,GreenzweigY1996. Formation of the giant planets by concurrent accretion of solids and gas.Icarus124:162–85
      [Google Scholar]
    48. RadauR.1885. Sur la loi des densités à l'intérieur de la terre.C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris100:972–74
      [Google Scholar]
    49. RaymondSN,IzidoroA.2017. Origin of water in the inner Solar System: planetesimals scattered inward during Jupiter and Saturn's rapid gas accretion.Icarus297:134–48
      [Google Scholar]
    50. SoubiranF,MilitzerB.2016. The properties of heavy elements in giant planet envelopes.Astrophys. J.829:114
      [Google Scholar]
    51. StevensonDJ.1979. Solubility of helium in metallic hydrogen.J. Phys. F Metal Phys.9:5791–801
      [Google Scholar]
    52. StevensonDJ.1982a. Interiors of the giant planets.Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.10:257–95
      [Google Scholar]
    53. StevensonDJ.1982b. Reducing the non-axisymmetry of a planetary dynamo and an application to Saturn.Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn.21:1–2113–27
      [Google Scholar]
    54. StevensonDJ.1985. Cosmochemistry and structure of the giant planets and their satellites.Icarus62:14–15
      [Google Scholar]
    55. StevensonDJ.2003. Planetary magnetic fields.Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.208:1–21–11
      [Google Scholar]
    56. StevensonDJ,SalpeterEE.1977a. Dynamics and helium distribution in hydrogen-helium fluid planets.Astrophys. J. Suppl.35:2239–61
      [Google Scholar]
    57. StevensonDJ,SalpeterEE.1977b. Phase-diagram and transport properties for hydrogen-helium fluid planets.Astrophys. J. Suppl.35:2221–37
      [Google Scholar]
    58. WahlSM,HubbardWB,MilitzerB2016. Tidal response of preliminary Jupiter model.Astrophys. J.831:114
      [Google Scholar]
    59. WahlSM,HubbardWB,MilitzerB,GuillotT,MiguelY et al.2017. Comparing Jupiter interior structure models to Juno gravity measurements and the role of a dilute core.Geophys. Res. Lett.44:104649–59
      [Google Scholar]
    60. WignerE,HuntingtonHB.1935. On the possibility of a metallic modification of hydrogen.J. Chem. Phys.3:12764–70
      [Google Scholar]

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