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Review Article

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Life on the Edge: The Cambrian Marine Realm and Oxygenation

  • Sara B. Pruss1 andBenjamin C. Gill2
  • 1Department of Geosciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA; email:[email protected]2Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
  • Vol. 52:109-132(Volume publication date July 2024)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on December 08, 2023
  • Copyright © 2024 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

The beginning of the Phanerozoic saw two biological events that set the stage for all life that was to come: (a) the Cambrian Explosion (the appearance of most marine invertebrate phyla) and (b) the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE), the subsequent substantial accumulation of marine biodiversity. Here, we examine the current state of understanding of marine environments and ecosystems from the late Ediacaran through the Early Ordovician, which spans this biologically important interval. Through a compilation and review of the existing geochemical, mineralogical, sedimentological, and fossil records, we argue that this interval was one of sustained low and variable marine oxygen levels that both led to animal extinction and fostered biodiversification events throughout the Cambrian and Early Ordovician. Therefore, marine ecosystems of this interval existed on the edge—with enough oxygen to sustain them but with the perennial risk of environmental stressors that could overwhelm them.

  • ▪ We review the current research on geochemistry and paleontology of the Cambrian and Early Ordovician periods.
  • ▪ Low and oscillating oxygen levels in the marine realm promoted diversification and evolutionary innovation but also drove several extinction events.
  • ▪ Taphonomic modes and marine authigenic pathways that were abundant in the Cambrian were supported by oceans that were persistently less oxygenated than today's oceans.
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