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Abstract

Prior studies on the association between weather and psychological changes have produced mixed results. In part, this inconsistency may be because weather's psychological effects are moderated by two important factors: the season and time spent outside. In two correlational studies and an experiment manipulating participants' time outdoors (total N = 605), pleasant weather (higher temperature or barometric pressure) was related to higher mood, better memory, and “broadened” cognitive style during the spring as time spent outside increased. The same relationships between mood and weather were not observed during other times of year, and indeed hotter weather was associated with lower mood in the summer. These results are consistent with findings on seasonal affective disorder, and suggest that pleasant weather improves mood and broadens cognition in the spring because people have been deprived of such weather during the winter.

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Article first published: September 2005
Issue published: September 2005

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© 2005 Association for Psychological Science.
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PubMed:16137259

Authors

Affiliations

Matthew C.Keller
Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
Barbara L.Fredrickson
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
OscarYbarra
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
StéphaneCôté
Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
KareemJohnson
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
JoeMikels
Department of Psychology, Stanford University
AnneConway
Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University
TorWager
Department of Psychology, Columbia University

Notes

Address correspondence to Matthew C. Keller, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, 800 East Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23219; e-mail:[email protected].

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