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Identifying Young Brown Dwarfs Using Gravity-Sensitive Spectral Features
Mark R. McGovern,J. Davy Kirkpatrick,Ian S. McLean,Adam J. Burgasser,L. Prato, andPatrick J. Lowrance
© 2004. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
The Astrophysical Journal,Volume 600,Number 2Citation Mark R. McGovernet al 2004ApJ600 1020DOI 10.1086/379849
Mark R. McGovern
AFFILIATIONS
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1562
J. Davy Kirkpatrick
AFFILIATIONS
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
Ian S. McLean
AFFILIATIONS
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1562
Adam J. Burgasser
AFFILIATIONS
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1562
Hubble Fellow
L. Prato
AFFILIATIONS
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1562
Patrick J. Lowrance
AFFILIATIONS
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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- Received2003 August 28
- Accepted2003 September 18
Abstract
We report the initial results of the Brown Dwarf Spectroscopic Survey Gravity Project to study gravity sensitive features as indicators of youth in brown dwarfs. Low-resolution (R ~ 2000)J-band and optical (R ~ 1000) observations using NIRSPEC and LRIS at the W. M. Keck Observatory reveal transitions of TiO, VO, K I, Na I, Cs I, Rb I, CaH, and FeH. By comparing these features in late-type giants and in old field dwarfs, we show that they are sensitive to the gravity (g =GM/R2) of the object. Using low-gravity spectral signatures as age indicators, we observed and analyzedJ-band and optical spectra of two young brown dwarfs, G196-3B (20-300 Myr) and KPNO Tau 4 (1-2 Myr) and two possible low-mass brown dwarfs in the σ Orionis cluster (3-7 Myr). We report the identification of the ϕ bands of TiO near 1.24 μm and the A-X band of VO near 1.18 μm together with extremely weakJ-band lines of K I in KPNO Tau 4. This is the first detection of TiO and VO in theJ band in a substellar-mass object. The optical spectrum of KPNO Tau 4 exhibits weak K I and Na I lines, weak absorption by CaH, and strong VO bands, also signatures of a lower gravity atmosphere. G196-3B shows absorption features in both wavelength regions, like those of KPNO Tau 4, suggesting that its age and mass are at the lower end of published estimates. Whereas σ Ori 51 appears to be consistent with a young substellar object, σ Ori 47 shows signatures of high gravity most closely resembling an old L1.5/L0 and cannot be a member of the σ Orionis cluster.
