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Morphometric analysis and biogeography ofApis koschevnikovi Enderlein (1906)

Analyse morphométrique et biogéographie d’Apis koschevnikovi Enderlein (1906)

Morphometrische Analyse und Biogeographie vonApis koschevnikovi Enderlein (1906)

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Abstract

Multivariate morphometric analyses were performed on workers ofApis koschevnikovi from throughout their distribution in Malaysia, Borneo and Indonesia. Principal component analysis showed one morphocluster comprising bees from Kalimantan Indonesia, Sarawak, Sabah and the Malay Peninsula. The population is more homogeneous thanA. cerana over the same geographical area, as seen from the average coefficient of variation in 12 characters inA. koschevnikovi (1.8%) compared to those same characters inA. cerana (4.3%).A. koschevnikovi is delimited to the tropical evergreen forest regions of Sumatera, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula (Fig. 1). The altitudinal distributions show thatA. koschevnikovi extends from sea level to about 1600 m. This significantly differs fromA. nuluensis but notA. cerana. It appears that the range ofA. koschevnikovi is diminishing because it is now either poorly represented or absent in several areas where it has been previously recorded.

Zusammenfassung

An Arbeiterinnen vonApis koschevnikovi aus deren gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet in Südostasien wurden multivariate morphometrische Analysen durchgeführt. Siebenundzwanzig morphologische Merkmale der Arbeiterinnen wurden nach der Methode von Ruttner (1988) vermessen, die verwendeten Merkmale enthielten Größenmessungen und Flügelwinkel. Hieraus wurden acht Hauptkomponenten abgeleitet, die insgesamt 78,7 % der Variation in den Daten repräsentierten. Die multivariaten Analysen der Proben vonA. koschevnikovi zeigten klar, dass die Art aus einem einzigen anhand von nur 12 morphologischen Merkmalen abgrenzbaren Morphokluster zusammengesetzt ist.

Die Hauptkomponentenanalyse zeigte einen die Bienen von Sumatra, Borneo und der malayischen Halbinsel enthaltenden Morphokluster (Abb. 2 und 3). Die Population ist einheitlicher als die vonA. cerana in dem gleichen Verbreitungsgebiet. Dies kann aus dem Vergleich der mittleren Varianzkoeffizienten von 12 gleichen Merkmalen ersehen werden, der beiA. koschevnikovi 1,8 %, beiA. cerana aber 4,3 % beträgt.

Die Höhenverteilung zeigt, dass von den 102 erfassten Fundorten vonA. koschevnikovi 96 % niedriger als 1200 m und 4 % zwischen 1200 und 2700 m lagen (Tab. I und zusätzliches elektronisches Onlinematerial zur Verteilung vonA. koschevnikovi auf Grundlage aller publizierter Nachweise). Diese Höhenverteilung ist nicht unterschiedlich von der sympatrischenA. cerana (χ2 = 6,9, df = 3,P = 0,0764). Sie ist aber signifikant verschieden von der Höhenverteilung der geographisch sympatrischenA. nuluensis, für die bisher nur drei Fundorte bekannt sind, die alle über 3000 m liegen (χ2 = 104,0, df = 3,P < 0,0001).

In zahlreichen Exkursionen im tropischen Regenwald über die letzten 10 Jahre in Thailand, Myanmar, Kambodscha and Vietnam konnte die ArtA. koschevnikovi nicht nachgewiesen werden, ihr Vorkommen ist auf die Region des immergrünen Regenwaldes von Sundaland begrenzt (Abb. 1). Anscheinend ist das Verbreitungsgebiet vonA. koschevnikovi im Schwinden, da diese in einigen Gebieten, in denen sie früher gefunden wurde, nun nur geringfügig vertreten ist oder vollständig fehlt.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest and Nature Conservation Res. and Dev. Centre, Jl. Gunung Batu, Bogor, Indonesia

    S. Hadisoesilo

  2. Department of Biology, Fac. of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia

    Rika Raffiudin, Wirian Susanti & Tri Atmowidi

  3. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa

    H. Randall Hepburn

  4. Department of Statistics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa

    Colleen Hepburn & Sarah E. Radloff

  5. Institut fuer Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Fachbereich Biologie der J. W. Goethe-Universitaet Frankfurt am Main, Oberursel, Germany

    Stefan Fuchs

Authors
  1. S. Hadisoesilo

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  2. Rika Raffiudin

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  3. Wirian Susanti

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  4. Tri Atmowidi

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  5. Colleen Hepburn

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  6. Sarah E. Radloff

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  7. Stefan Fuchs

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  8. H. Randall Hepburn

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Corresponding author

Correspondence toSarah E. Radloff.

Additional information

Manuscript editor: Walter S. Sheppard

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